ROMAN VILLAS 
tural restraint and purity of detail which mark the 
generation of Vignola and Sangallo. The Villa Bor- 
ghese, built in 1618 by the Flemish architect Giovanni 
Vasanzia (John of Xanten), shows a complete departure 
from the old tradition. Its elevation may indeed be 
traced to the influence of the garden-front of the Villa 
Medici, which was probably the prototype of the gay 
pleasure-house in which ornamental detail superseded 
architectural composition ; but the garden-architecture 
of the Villa Borghese, and the treatment of its extensive 
grounds, show the complete triumph of the baroque. 
The grounds of the Villa Borghese, which include a 
park of several hundred acres, were laid out by Dome- 
nico Savino and Girolamo Rainaldi, while its water- 
works are due to Giovanni Fontana, whose name is 
associated with the great jeux d' eciiix of the villas at 
Frascati. Falda’s plan shows that the grounds about 
the house have been little changed. At each end of the 
villa is the oblong secret garden, not sunken but walled ; 
in front an entrance-court, at the back an open space 
enclosed in a wall of clipped ilexes against which statues 
were set, and containing a central fountain. Beyond the 
left-hand walled garden are various dependencies, in- 
cluding an aviary. These little buildings, boldly baroque 
in style, surcharged with stucco ornament, and not with- 
out a certain Flemish heaviness of touch, have yet that 
gaiety, that imprevu , which was becoming the distin- 
guishing note of Roman garden-architecture. On a 
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