MYSORE, CANARA, AND MALABAR, 
381 
The iron ore of the hills is also male and female; the latter being CHAPTER 
the only one used ; and this is also, in my opinion, the male in a 
state of dissolution. The male stone in the hills bears a much larger 
proportion to the female, than it does in the fields. This ore also 
is found on digging a very little depth into the soil, and seems to 
be the source from whence most of the black sand of the country 
is washed by the rain. It appears to me to differ from the quartz 
impregnated with iron, which I mentioned in the account of the 
Pedda Nayakana durga Ghats, only by containing a larger quantity 
of metal. The female stone is very easily reduced to a powder; and 
the iron sand is readily separated, by washing, from the quartzose 
sand, which is the other ingredient in the ore. It is not so rich in 
metal as the ore found in the fields. These two ores are called 
Aduru Cullu , or stones containing iron sand. 
On the surface of the hills is found another iron ore called Ipa- 
nada , which is scattered among the gravel in small lumps, from the 
size of an egg downwards. They are a pure ore, and are put in the 
furnace without any preparation, except breaking the larger pieces 
into bits about the size of a filbert. The quantity of Ipanada re- 
quired for one furnace is exactly the same, by measure, as that of 
Aduru ; but the weight of Ipanada is of course less, there being 
more space occupied by interstices, from the greater size of the 
pieces. The produce of iron from both is the same. The surface 
of the lumps of Ipanada is often covered with a kind of black 
enamel. 
1 8th June. — I passed this day in the woods near Samna-durga, June is. 
investigating their productions. The woodmen are a poor ignorant Trees found 
. in the central 
race, most or them or the lowest cast called JVhalharu ; but they wood of Kar- 
always pretend to know every plant of which the name is asked. mta% 
They have also a number of specific appellations, such as Bill/, white; 
Kempu, red; Cari, black; Doda, large; Chica, small; Betta, mountain; 
Wullay, cultivated; Cadu, wild; Timbo, eatable; and the like ; many 
of which they often apply to the same species, and sometimes the 
