29S 
A JOURNEY FROM MADRAS THROUGH 
CHAPTER 
y. 
July 8, &c. 
Cattle. 
Servants 
wages. 
Rent, 
the Tambay, or Phlomis esculenta , Roxb: MSS. ; and the Hangar a, 
or Dodonea viscosa. 
The farmers form their dung-hills of the dung and litter of their 
cattle, and of the ashes and soil of their houses, all intermixed. 
They do not employ the soil of towns. 
The number of oxen raised in the country is not sufficient for 
the demand of the farmers, who purchase them at Krishna- girl and 
Cangundy , two places in the Bara Mahal. It is not the custom here 
to pay any rent for such pasture lands as have never been culti- 
vated ; but, where a part of the ground that has been cultivated 
becomes waste, the cultivators give a small consideration for liberty 
to feed their cattle on it. The proportion of this rent does not 
exceed 8 per cent, of that which is given for the ground when in 
cultivation : indeed the pasture is so wretched, that more could 
not be afforded. Last year about one half of the cattle here died. 
The servants of the farmers, or the Batigaru, get here annually 
4 Candacas bushels) of grain, and twenty Fanams in money 
(about 1 3s. 5d.)\ but out of this, he must pay to government, for 
the ground on which his house stands, three Fanams , or about %s. 
They are of all casts, except Brahmans and Mussulmans. 
Men hired by the day to labour in the field get { of a Fanam 
( 3 _l±jl. pence) a day, and women \ of a Fanam, or nearly 2 pence. 
When a farmer runs away for arrears of rent, or oppression, and 
goes into the district of another Amildar , it is not customary in any 
native government to give him up. This is a considerable check to 
arbitrary oppression, as a very unreasonable Amildar would be soon 
deserted. The Gaudas here rent the villages, and every year make a 
new settlement with Amildar; while they receive authority to take 
from the cultivators as much as they legally can. Some Gaudas rent 
two or three Gramas , or villages ; but to each there is an hereditary 
Gauda , who receives the title, is at all public meetings treated with 
certain marks of deference, and at the village feasts performs certain 
religious ceremonies. Should he not be the person who rents the 
