LE DARWINISME. 
461 
On voit d’après ces remarques que le moment où, selon 
Darwin, l’homme aura commencé à garder une attitude ver- 
ticale, aura été en même temps le point de départ d’une ère 
nouvelle dans l’évolution des expressions. Il continue ainsi : 
«A en juger par la manière d’agir des singes, l’étonne- 
- Suffering, if groat, will from the first hâve caused screams or groans to 
» be uttered, the body to be contorted, and the teeth to be ground together. 
» But our progenitors will not hâve exhibited those highly expressive mo 
- vements of the features which accompany screaming and crying until their' 
* circulatory and respiratory organs, and the muscles surrounding the eyes, 
» had acquired their présent structure. The shedding of tears appears to 
- hâve originated through reflex action from the spasmodic contraction of 
» the eyelids, together perhaps with the eyeballs becoming gorged with blood 
* during the act of screaming. Therefore weeping probably came on rather 
» late in the line of our descent; and this conclusion agréés with the fac 
» that our nearest allies, the anthropomorphous apes, do not weep. But we 
« must here exercise some caution, for as certain monkeys, which are not 
« closely related to man, weep, this habit might hâve been developped long 
- ago in a sub-branch of the group from which man is derived. Our early 
- progenitors, when suffering from grief or anxiety, would not bave made 
» their eyebrows oblique, or bave drawn down the corners of their mouth, 
» until they had acquired the habit of endeavouring to restrain their screams. 
» The expression, therefore, of grief and anxiety is eminently human. 
» Rage will bave been expressed at a very early period by threatening or 
- frantic gestures, by the reddening of the skin, and by glaring eyes, but not 
- by frowning. For the habit of frowning seems to hâve been acquired chief- 
•» ly from the corrugators being the first muscles to contract round the eyes. 
*. whenever during infancv pain, anger, or distress is felt, and there conse- 
- quently is a near approach to screaming; and partly from a frown serving 
» as a shade in difficult and intent vision. It seems probable that this sha- 
» ding action would not hâve become habituai until man had assumed a 
« completely upright position, for monkeys do not frown when exposed to a 
» glaring light. Our early progenitors, when enraged, would probably hâve 
» exposed their teeth more freely than does man, even when giving full vent 
* to his rage, as with the insane. We may, also, feel almost certain that 
■» they would hâve protruded their lips, when sulky or disappointed, in a 
» greater degree than is the case with our own children, or even with the 
« children of existing savage races. 
» Our early progenitors, when indignant or moderately angry, would not 
* hâve held their heads erect, opened their chests, squared their fists, until 
30 
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