COMFOSIT.E. 21 
hybrids between C. arvensis and C. lanceolatus, and C. lanccolatus 
and C. acanlis. 
Tribe II.— OARLINBiE. 
Florets all tubular and perfect, each one not surrounded by an 
involucel. Anthers with filiform appendages at the base. Pappus 
of hairs not united into a complete ring at the base, but cohering 
in bundles or quite free, su ^-persistent. 
GENUS IV.— Q ARLINA. Linn. 
Pericline of numerous imbricated phyllarics, the exterior ones 
foliaceous and spinous-dentate, the inner ones entire, elongated, 
scarious, coloured, generally spreading when dry, and forming a 
false ray. Florets all equal, perfect. Filaments free and gla- 
brous; anthers with 2 filiform plumose appendages at the base, 
acuminated at the summit. Achenes oblong-cylindrical, clothed 
with minute adpressed bifurcate hairs ; epigynous disk surrounded 
by the hairs which cover the achene. Pappus caducous, consisting 
of plumose hairs, thickened at the base, arranged in several rows 
united in threes or fours, but not forming a ring. Clinanth 
clothed with tubular scales at the apex, deeply lacinate. 
Spinous herbs of various habit. Heads of flowers often showy, 
from the coloured inner phyllaries which spread in dry weather, 
but becoming erect when moistened. 
SPECIES I— C ARLINA VULGARIS. Linn. 
Plate DCXCVIII. 
Beieh. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. XV. Tab. DCCXLII. 
Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsicc. No. 1508. 
Biennial. Stem elongated, corymbosely branched or simple. 
Lowest leaves oblanccolate, narrowed towards the base, spinous- 
dentate ; those on the middle and upper part of the stem semi- 
amplexicaul, pinnatifid, with the segments spinous-dentate, arach- 
noid-noccose, especially beneath and when young ; floral leaves 
shorter than or not exceeding the phyllaries, spinous. Outer 
phyllaries herbaceous, spinous-pointed with a row of divaricate 
branched spines on each side ; inner phyllaries strapshaped, scarious, 
elastic, longer than the florets, yellow. 
On dry banks and pastures. Rather scarce, except on the chalk, 
