COMPOSITE. 13 
In meadows, marshes, and bogs, and by the sides of ditches. 
Very common, and generally distributed. 
England, Scotland, Ireland. Biennial or Annual. 
Late Summer and Autumn. 
Stem stout, erect, furrowed, 1 to 5 feet high paniculately 
branched, with the branches much shorter than the main stem, 
spreading-as cvii ding, narrowly winged, the wings with numerous 
long slender spines. Spines on the edges of the leaves similar to 
those on the wing of the stem. Pericline i to ^ inch across, by 
■J to f long ; outer phyllaries blackish-purple, inner ones bright- 
purple, except in the white-flowered states, when they are pale 
green. Flowers dark dull-crimson-purple. Achenes pale fawn- 
colour, sub-cylindrical, smooth, central tubercle cylindrical. Pappus 
rather short (about twice as long as the achene), dirty-white. Plant 
deep dull-green, the leaves sometimes slightly hoary beneath. 
Marsh- Thistle. 
French, Cirse des Marais. German, Sump/ ' Kratzdistel. 
The stalks of this species of Thistle are said to be equally as good as those of 
the Milk-Thistle, and in Evelyn's time were similarly employed. 
SPECIES VII.— C AEDUUS TUBEROSUS. Linn. 
Plate DCLXXXIX. 
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ, et Helv. Vol. XV. Tab. DCCCXXXIX. Fig. 2. 
Billot, Fl. Gall, et Germ. Exsicc. No. 804. 
Ciiaium bulbosum, D. G. Koch, Syu. Fl. Germ, et Helv. ed. ii. p. 45 G. Gr. & Godr. 
Fl. de Fr. Vol. II. p. 218. 
Cnicus tuberosus, Willd. Sm. Eng. Bot. No. 25G2. Hook & Am. Brit. Fl. ed. viii. 
p. 237. 
Perennial. Rootstock "not stolonifcrous " (Gr. & G.J, with 
elliptical fusiform-cylindrical root-fibres. Stem erect, not winged, 
simple or slightly branched, with the branches very long, erect. 
Lower leaves attenuated into a petiole ; stem-leaves sessile, semi- 
amplexicaul but scarcely auricled, not decurrent ; all undulated, 
deeply pinnatifid, with the segments rather remote, 2-, 3-, or even 
4-cleft, with the lobes elongated, diverging, spinous-ciliate, sub- 
glabrous beneath. Anthodes solitary, stalked, without leaves in 
their immediate vicinity. Pericline ovate-globular, depressed at 
the base, very slightly arachnoid ; phyllaries adpressed, with a 
dorsal nerve in the upper part, the outer ones lanceolate, mucro- 
nate, the inner ones strapshaped, scarious and coloured at the tip. 
Pappus plumose. 
