2 ENGLISH BOTANY. 
generally tubular and neuter or (very rarely) female, or (which is 
only the case in exotic species) where the florets of the disk are 
male, those of the ray are ligulate and female. Style thickened 
below the point where it divides into two branches, the thickened 
part often hairy. Leaves and phyllaries often spinous ; pericline 
usually globose or ovoid. 
Tribe I.— CAKDUINE/E. 
riorets all tubular and perfect, each one not surrounded by 
an involucel (rarely the anthodes are subdicecious by abortion). 
Anthers without basal appendages. Pappus of hairs united at the 
base, and falling off without separating from each other. 
GENUS I.—O NOPORDUM. Linn, 
Pericline of numerous imbricated entire phyllaries, with a 
bayonet-shaped point ending in a spine. Plorets all equal, per- 
fect. Filaments free and glabrous ; anthers notched at the base, 
With two acute lobes at the base, and furnished at the summit with 
a linear-subulate appendage. Achenes obovate-ovoid, subtetragonal, 
laterally compressed, transversely rugose ; epigynous disk small, 
not bordered. Pappus caducous, consisting of rough hairs, 
arranged in several rows, and united into a ring at the base. 
Clinanth fleshy, pitted, but without hairs, the pits surrounded by 
an elevated dentate margin. 
Large herbs, generally biennial, with branched stems or rarely 
^caulescent. Leaves pinnately lobed or toothed, with the lobes 
or teeth spinous, generally decurrent on the stem, which thus 
becomes winged, with the wings spinous-dentate. Pericline large, 
sub-globose, spiny. Plowcrs purple or purplish-rose, varying to 
white. 
The Dame <>l this genus comes from the Greek word oioc (onos), an ass, and 
jrf/Ki,; (jK ,■</(>), I disperse wind, and die species are said to produce this effect in asses. 
srwiKs i.-ONOPORDUM ACANTHIUM. Linn. 
Plati; JH'I.XW 
JttML Ic. FL Germ, et Ilelv. Vol. XV. Tab. DCCCXIII. 
Stem erect, branched, winged to the top. Leaves decurrent 
on the st nn, sinuate, spinous, whitish-arachnoid on both sides. 
Pericline globular, arachnoid, especially towards the base. Phyl- 
