.Si 
12L3 
v.5 
ENGLISH BOTANY. 
ORDER XLI._ C O M P O S I T M. 
Herbs or under-shrubs, more rarely shrubs, with alternate 
or more rarely opposite or verticillate leaves, entire or more or 
less deeply divided, without distinct stipules. Flowers {florets) 
perfect or unisexual, sessile on a floret-receptacle (clmanth), in 
involucrate heads, popularly called compound flowers (anthodes). 
Leaves {phyllaries) of the involucre {pericUne) resembling the 
sepals of a calyx. Calyx-tube adhering to the ovary, the limb 
frequently forming a pappus of numerous hairs, which increase 
in length in fruit ; sometimes, however, the pappus consists of 
scales, sometimes there is merely a raised border round the top 
of the ovary, and sometimes the calyx-limb is obsolete. Corolla 
monopetalous, inserted on an epigynous disk, the tube of various 
length, often with the limb regular or nearly so {tubular) ; limb 
often 5-lobed, more rarely 4- or 3-lobed, or 2-lipped {bilabiate), or 
split down one side and resembling a ribbon (ligulate), rarely 
absent ; sometimes the outer florets have ligulate corollas, forming 
a ray round the central tubular florets of the centre or disk. Sta- 
mens 5, rarely 4, inserted upon the tube of the corolla ; filaments 
generally free above or entirely free, rarely monadelphous ; anthers 
almost always cohering by their edges, and forming a tube which 
surrounds the style. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, crowned by an 
annular epigynous disk. Style terminal, bifid at the apex, with 
the lobes free or more or less cohering. Ovule solitary, erect from 
the base, anatropous. Fruit an achenium, often crowned by the 
remains of the calyx-limb in the form of a pappus. Clinanth 
naked, or clothed with hairs or scales {pa lece), rarely with poly- 
phyllous involucels enclosing the florets. 
Sub-Order I.— CYNAROCEPHAL^;. 
Florets generally all tubular and perfect, the exterior florets 
rarely dissimilar to those of the disk, in which case the anthodes 
are radiant : when this docs take place, the exterior florets are 
vol. v. B 
