XII, c, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 201 
slopes in April, 1914. In discussing the general distribution of 
Saccharum (p. 410) he gives the impression that nowhere did 
it form stands of normal density. 
In the region between Mounts Balantoc and Mataas-na-golod . 
there are two prominent dry stream beds, which in 1914 con- 
tained a few plants of Phragmites. They are now covered with 
scattered clumps of Saccharum. The remainder of this area con- 
tained almost nothing but grass in October, 1913, but by April, 
1914, many shrubs were present. Plate X, fig. 3, is a view taken 
by Gatos in October, 1913, from near the crater rim and looking 
northward toward Mount Tibag in the center of this area. The 
vegetation on the north-central region still consists very largely 
of Saccha^mm spontaneum, which even now in most places forms 
a very open stand. 
The regions that we have discussed constitute the area in the 
northern part of the island on which plants occurred in October, 
1913. This area is shown in text fig. 2, a map taken from Gates’s 
paper, and may be defined as being bounded on the south by a 
line starting slightly south of Bignay, running south of Ragatan 
and Mataas-na-golod, then slightly southwest and around the 
southern end of Mount Balantoc. Plate XI, fig. 2, and Plate XII, 
fig. 1, from photographs taken in October, 1916, show nearly all 
of this region with the exception of the northeastern peninsula 
and also some of the area nearer the crater. It will be seen that 
in most places there is a considerable amount of bare ground, 
while grass is everywhere the predominant element in the vege- 
tation. 
By April, 1914, the area containing plants had been consider- 
ably extended, plants being found clear to the rim on the northern 
side of the main crater and somewhat south of the old craters, 
which are shown on the map east and west of the northern end 
of the main crater. In 1914 the vegetation in this area was 
very sparse, and even at the present time the bare ground is 
many times greater in extent than that covered by plants. The 
most prominent plant is Saccharum, while trees and shrubs are 
very scarce. In October, 1913, there was a sparse development 
of plants at the extreme tip of the southwestern peninsula. By 
April, 1914, this vegetation had spread to the summit of Mount 
Saluyan, which is about the point where the peninsula branches 
off from the mainland. This vegetation was apparently very 
scanty; and even now trees are scarse, while the grass occurs 
as widely spaced clumps except in very limited areas where 
Themeda forms dense stands on steep slopes. In Plate XII, fig. 
