xn, c, 4 Brown, Merrill and Yates: Volcano Island 219 
This statement is certainly applicable to most of the plants 
on Volcano Island. The percentage of species common to the 
two islands is, however, small. Ernst gives a list of forty-one 
species occurring in the interior and not on the strand. Only 
eleven of these are found on Volcano Island, although twenty- 
four occur in the Philippines. The plants found on Krakatau 
indicate a climate distinctly more moist than that of Taal. 
The species occurring on the strand of Krakatau would nat- 
urally be different from those on Volcano Island. Ernst men- 
tions sixty-seven species on the strand of Krakatau. Of these 
eleven are found on Volcano Island, while fifty-five are known 
from the Philippines. 
From the data given in Table IV we have calculated the ap- 
proximate percentage of plants distributed by different means. 
For reasons which have already been explained, the calculations 
cannot be made exact. 
Birds would appear to be the most important agency of dis- 
persal. Eighty-three, or 28 per cent, are listed as being eaten 
by birds ; fourteen, or 5 per cent, have organs for adhering and 
so may be carried by birds; while sixty, or 21 per cent, are 
characterized by minute seeds which could be distributed in mud 
on the feet or the feathers of birds. There are thus one hun- 
dred fifty-seven species, or 54 per cent, of the total on the island 
which could have been carried to it by birds. 
Sixty, or 21 per cent, are- apparently distributed by wind; 
while only twenty-six, or 9 per cent, are adapted to dispersal 
by water. 
Thirty-nine, or 13 per cent, can be scattered by being eaten by 
animals. As a considerable number of cattle and carabao have 
been taken to the island since the eruption, a number of the 
above plants may have reached the island or have been sub- 
sequently distributed over it by this means. Many of the plants 
in this category are also included among those that could be 
disseminated by birds or wind. 
Twenty-one species, or 7 per cent, are normally distributed 
by man. At least three of these, Bambusa hlumeana, B. vul- 
garis, and Musa sapientum, are relics of former cultivation on 
the island. A few of the species may have been distributed 
by man since the eruption. Some of the species that are usually 
distributed by man are also distributed by birds and in our 
calculations are included under both headings. A few species, 
usually distributed by man, which are not particularly adapted 
for floating have evidently reached the island by the latter means. 
Owing to the short distance between Volcano Island and the 
