Thk Vegetatiox op Westerx Australia. 
XV. 
a few wandering representatives which are evidently very closely connected 
with the main Australian stock.” He then enumerates those groups which 
contain, inter alia^ the following families : — 
Centro lepidaceae 
Philydraceae 
Proteaceae 
Pittosporaceae 
Stackhousiaceae 
Epacridaceae 
Goodeniaceae 
Restionaceae 
Santalaceae 
Phytolaccaceae 
Tremandraceae 
Halorrhagaceae 
Myoporaceae 
Stylidiaceae 
He omits Byblidaceae and Cephalotaccae, which at the time of his work 
were not recognised as distinct families, but apart from these, the only en- 
demic family is the Tremandraceae. 
In addition, he enumerates several groups and certain genera, amongst 
which are : Haemodoraceae-Conostylideae ; Leguminosae-Podalyrieae- 
Genistcae ; Acacia ; Rutaceae-Boronieae ; Eupliorbiaceae-^S/eno/ofeeae ; 
Dodonaea ; Rhamnaceae-Rhamneae ; Sterculiaceae-Buttnerieae-Laszope^aZae ; 
Myrtaceae-Leptospermeae-CAomaeZaiic^^eae. The names in italics (mine) are 
those of groups which are strictly endemic. h]xamples of some of these will 
be discussed in greater detail. 
1. THE ANTARCTIC ELEMENT. 
Both Hooker and Diels claimed for the Antarctic Element those plants 
which were common to South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand, Tierra del 
Euego, and Andean Patagonia. This is indeed a very restricted area of dis- 
tribution, and the number of conjunctive genera is very small. Typical of 
the element in this restricted sense is Nothofayus. Taking this limited view of 
the Antarctic Element, there are, beyond a few genera such as Cenirolepis, 
Trichocline^ and one or two others, no representatives of the Antarctic Element 
estern Australia. The Antarctic Element lias received a wider treatment 
from both Field Marshall 8muts and Sir Arthur Hill, who claim for the ele- 
ment ■' those plants which have originated from the ancient lands of the South- 
ern Hemisphere, as against those which have migrated from the north.” 
Under this definition we can recognise certain larger groups which are confined 
generally to the southern lands, such as temperate Australia, Now Zealand, 
South America, and South Africa, and this broader conception of the Antarctic 
Element reduces considerably the importance of the Australian Element in 
the sense employed by Diels. Therefore, leaving aside the more restricted 
representatives of the Antarctic Element in its narrower sense, we have to 
recognise a number of families and genera wliich have a common southern 
distribution : an element either restricted to the southern lands, or most 
highly developed there, with occasional representatives which have undergone 
a northern migration under conditions which favour their spread. Such are 
the migrations of Protea into Abyssinia through the highlands, and of Baeckea 
and Haemodoriim into eastern Asia, or of Dracophyllum. into northern Queens- 
land. C'onversely, we may consider the soutliern migration of Hhododendrcn 
in high altitudes into the Bellenden-Kerr mountains in Queensland. 
While it is obviously impossible to dc^al comprehensively with all the 
groups which comjjrise the Antarctic Element, a (‘onsideration of some of the 
more important will illustrate the general distribution of tliose which are 
included in it. In the following tables tlu' numbers in brackets refer to the 
