224 
G. J. Snowball. 
6. Insects which use the dung as a shelter, e.g., Pentatomida, Dermap- 
tera, and Tenebrionids, the association of which with the rest 
of the cow dung population is only of the most casual nature. 
Ants are in this class but they are also predatory. 
7. The true dung insects, which are coprophagous and pass through 
their entire life history in the dung, e.g., the Aphodii. Owing 
to a doubt concerning the food of the larvae of the Cercyons, 
it is not known whether they can be classed here. 
8. Parasites of dung-living larvae, e.q., Aiysiids and Figitids. 
7. NOTES ON THE INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH COW DUNG AT 
CRAWLEY. 
Order l—COLLEMBOLA. 
Myriads of minute blue insects belonging to the Hypogastruridae occur 
in and on dung during the winter, June to August. Large numbers occur 
in any stage of the dung providing it has remained fairly moist. 
The wdiole life history can apparently be passed through in cow dung. 
Eggs are fairly common in the dung, most noticeably so in June. Some 
brought into the laboratory in June, 1941, hatched in twelve days, but the 
insects were not raised to maturity. At times, parts of first and second stage 
-dungs in the field are almost wdiite with the exuviae of these tiny insects. 
Order 2— DERMAPTERA. 
Unidentified specimens of Labiduroid Dermaptera are occasionally 
-shelterers under cow dungs in the field. The association with the dung appears 
.to be nothing more than casual. 
Order 3— ORTHOPTERA. 
Tettigoniid nymphs are sometimes found sheltering under old cow dung, 
•while a Cylindracheta species found at Crawdey is apparently capable of a 
truly coprophagous habit, since two specimens lived for some weeks on a diet 
.of pure COW’ dung. 
Order 4— HEMIPTERA. 
At Katanning in August, 1941, a number of Pentatomids w’ere collected 
in crevices of very old fifth stage dungs wLich they used as a shelter only. 
The same is true of Coccid nymphs found under old dungs at Spearw’ood, 
Western Australia, in April, 1941. 
Order 5— COLEOPTERA. 
F. 1. CARABIDAE. 
Promecoderus albanyensis, Cast. 
Specimens of this wingless beetle occur under cow’ dung at Crawley. It 
is presumably predaceous but its timidity has so far prevented observation 
of its habits. 
The larvae of unidentified Carabs are also common under, and more 
rarely in, dung cakes. One was kept alive during August and September, 
1941, on a diet of Sepsid i . 1 Sciarid larvae, but died before pupating. 
F. 2. HYDROPHILIDAE. 
The genus Cercyon contains both aquatic and terrestrial species, many 
of the latter being inhabitants of dung, Stephens (1839) having described 
