228 
G. J. Snowball. 
HIST R. 
H. walkeri, Lew,, is the largest of the dung-frequenting beetles at Crawley. 
It is most numerous from October to April. It is frequently found in quiescent 
state in the moist sand below a cake and is not often found inside. In this it 
differs from coenosus, which in Haiti is such an efficient predator on Muscoid 
maggots in fresh moist dung that Myers (1938) has recommended its intro- 
duction into Australia as a possible control of the Buffalo Fly. 
The local species is also predatory on maggots. It probably takes up its 
■characteristic position in order to catch maggots which come to pupate on 
the lower surface of the cake. Unlike Saprinus, it may occur with fourth stage 
dung. 
Hister is represented in England and New Zealand. 
F. 7. NITIDULIDAE. 
One specimen of Carpophilus heniipterus^ Linn., which in California is an 
important pest of fresh and dried figs (Simmons, Reed, McGregor, 1931), was 
collected from second stage dung in September, 1940. If duo to anything but 
chance, its presence indicates a considerable departure from the usual habits 
of the species. In April, 1940, two specimens of ? Brachypeplus sp. were also 
found in dung of the same stage. 
F. 8. COLYDIIDAE. 
Three specimens of Pahula dentata BIkb. were obtained from cow dung in 
April, 1941, The members of the family are generally found in leaf mould, 
decaying w^ood or under bark (Tillyard, 1926). 
F. 9. PTINIDAE. 
In May, 1941, a single specimen of ? Ptinus sp. was found in a dry, bleached 
fifth-stage pad. Its presence, if not merely forti itor.s, adds yet another food 
material to the remarkable list given for the family by Esdaile (1927)— farina- 
ceous matter, drugs, books, tobacco, spices, pepper, and w^ood. 
F. 10. SCARABAEIDAE. 
APHODIUS. 
Aphodius lividus Oliv. 
This species has a w’orld-wdde distribution (Schmidt, 1922). With Ataenius 
stercorator it is abundant in Puerto Rico, wfiiere the two eat so much of the 
fresh cow dung that the larvae of the Horn Fly (Lyperosia irritans) can scarcely 
live. (Observations quoted by Myers, 1938). Myers, liowever, states that 
in Haiti these beetles have little effect on the population density of tlie Horn 
Fly. A. lividus occurs in large numbers at Uvalde, Texas, U.S.A., wffiere 
1,113 specimens have been collected from a single dropping (Lindquist, 1935). 
Though not yet finalised, sampling counts at Crawfiey indicate that greater 
numbers per cake are not unusual here. Stephens (1839) includes it in his 
list of fifty-seven English species of Aphodius, nearly all of which occur in dung. 
Boucomont (1929) reports its presence in dung in China. At Crawdey it forms 
a prominent part of the population of both horse and cow' dung and is present 
at Katanning. At Crawley it appears at and enters the dung shortly after 
dropping, leaving again at some time in the third stage. All feeding stages are 
coprophagous. 
