58 
FOSSIL REPTILIA OF THE 
witli the nasal; it then joins the malar and the prefronto-lacrymal, and descends internal 
to the mandible to join the palatined Each maxillary (21, 21') affords alveoli for eight or 
nine teeth. 
The premaxillary is the largest of the bones of the head. The pair, by confluence or 
connation, constitute the fore part of the upper jaw (22), expanding from a sub-obtuse 
apex as it recedes, and preserving its entireness for an extent of about two inches. This 
tract seems to be arched above transversely, with a slightly convex upper longitudinal 
contour continued along the medial ray or process (22")- Of the configuration of the 
palatal surface the specimens give no evidence. From the analogy of Pterodactylus 
Ouvieri and Ft. Sedywickii,^ we may infer that this (premaxillary) part of the 
bony roof of the mouth was entire, and strengthened by a median ridge. The lateral or 
alveolar borders formed alveoli for four teeth on each side. Thus the hind expansion 
of the premaxillary divides into three rays or processes. The upper medial or nasal ray 
is the longest : it is continued backward, continuing the initial curve of the upper 
contour of the face as far as the nasals, the mid suture or confluence of which bones it 
overlaps, and joins suturally to an extent precluding any movement of the upper jaw on 
that part of the head. The length of this ray is about inches. The pair of lower or 
alveolar rays extend back for about 1 ^ inches. 
The malar (26) forms the lower narrower end of the oval orbit, sending up one pointed 
process (united with that of the maxillary ?) toward the prefrontal, and a longer and stronger 
one to join the postfrontal. The squamosal (27) continues the zygomatic bar backward to 
abut against the tympanic. Its precise position and direction are left doubtful in the 
specimens hitherto obtained, but it is unquestionably present, and contributes to the fixa- 
tion of the tympanic. 
This (28) is a moderately long and strong pedicle, immovably articulated to the mastoid, 
paroccipital, and squamosal ; thickest posteriorly, where it is strengthened by an 
outer marginal ridge, sending forward and inward a process which may articulate with 
the pterygoid (but of this I could not get clear evidence), expanding at its distal end to 
receive the abutment of the squamosal or lower zygoma, and to form the convex condyle 
for the articular element of the mandible. 
The dentary parts of the mandible are confluent at the symphysis, which is as long as 
the undivided fore part of the premaxillary. The ramal part of the dentary is compressed, 
and gains a depth of about 10 lines before it bifurcates. The alveolar border of the dentary 
extends as far as that of the maxillary, viz. about 5 inches, beyond which the upper prong 
(PI. XX, 32') is continued above the mandibular vacuity, underlapping the surangular (29) 
and terminating in a point. The lower prong (ib. 32'') terminates in a point before attaining 
the vacuity ; it is underlapped by the fore part of the angular (30), with which it articulates. 
1 This description is on a homological hypothesis, subsequently discussed (p. 64). 
2 ‘ Monograph on Cretaceous Pterosauria,’ Suppl. 1, 4to, 185.9, PI. I, fig. 1, b. 
