178 
The Philippine Journal of Science 
1915 ! 
representatives in the Archipelago, and about 1,948 species do j 
not occur in the Philippines, or at least have not been found here 
in spite of the vast amount of botanical work that has been 
accomplished on the Philippine flora in the past thirty years. 
All reductions of Blanco’s species, made by Fernandez-Villar 
and Naves, must be considered with great caution; for, while 
most of the reductions are correct as to the genus, they are very 
frequently incorrect as to the species. 
In most cases an admitted species is followed by the indication 
that the authors had seen living specimens, usually with an 
indication of the island, province, and town in which the plant 
was alleged to have been seen, and frequently with the citation 
of native names. Some admissions are based on actual herba- 
rium specimens from the collections of Vidal, but where these 
have been checked on Vidal’s specimens, the identifications are 
usually found to be wrong. It seems to be apparent that the 
authors in compiling the “Novissima Appendix” took the stand- 
ard books that were available to them, various monographs, 
Miquel’s “Florae Indiae Batavae,” Hooker’s “Flora of British 
India,” so far as published, etc., and from an examination of 
the descriptions, credited to the Philippines those species they 
thought ought to grow in the Archipelago. In almost no case 
is a reduction of Blanco’s species queried, nor is a specific iden- 
tification qualified by the addition of a question mark. 
The result of the publication of the “Novissima Appendix” 
was the accrediting to the Philippines of no less than 1,950 
species that do not occur in the Archipelago. Naturally the 
authors were correct in admitting very many widely distributed 
Indo-Malayan species as Philippine, as between 75 and 80 per 
cent of the species found in the settled areas of the Archipelago 
extend to the Malayan Archipelago and to tropical Asia. On 
the other hand, however, the authors of the “Novissima Appen- 
dix” were quite unaware of the high percentage of endemism 
of the Philippine flora taken as a whole. This endemism aver- 
ages somewhat over 40 per cent for the entire flora, and for 
the areas still covered with virgin forests perhaps over 60 per 
cent. In referring Philippine sylvan species to extra-Philippine 
forms, Fernandez-Villar and Naves were usually wrong. The 
“Novissima Appendix” cannot be considered in any respect a 
reliable compilation or one that presents any correct conception 
of the constituents of the Philippine flora as the flora was known 
in 1883. 
The following table shows the approximate number of extra- 
