x, c, 6 Rundles: Studies in Rice 353 
removed should be large enough to allow for the most careful 
discrimination and elimination. 
After removal, the plants should be graded according to uni- 
formity in number and character of panicles and in character 
of stooling. All the panicles of one plant will be similar in 
color of hull and of cuticle, in texture, and in awn characters. 
The plants finally selected should be carefully described as 
suggested in the outline for describing the rice plant and palay, 
recently published . 4 
It is also necessary properly to number the plants to facilitate 
planting operations. The seed should be planted according to 
the Jacobson “head-to-the-row” method for the best, most rapid, 
and certain results. 
Patient, conscientious work in properly recording the behavior 
of the culture and proper elimination of the undesirable indivi- 
duals or varieties after row tests have been made will result 
in the production of pure and superior strains within from two 
to four generations. The ready response to selection and the 
rapid rate of reproduction will enable the breeder, within a few 
years, to sell an abundance of pedigreed seed. 
The farmer should not hesitate to pay high prices for superior 
pedigreed seed. It is not usually economical for him to breed his 
own seed when he can purchase the pedigreed stock in his region. 
When first-class seed is not available, or after the farmer has 
once been supplied with it, he should continue to select his own 
seed. 
In general practice the ordinary farmer may not be able care- 
fully to grade his plants nor to appreciate the importance of 
grading. However, he should be trained not to mix varieties, 
and to make his seed selection from the high-yielding individuals 
in the best standard varieties. 
CLEANING AND GRADING 
The use of cleaned, well-graded seed will insure strong vigor- 
ous seedlings and will guard against an uneven stand with 
its attendant ills, such as weeds and poor total yield. 
The seed may be cleaned by hand, by the water-gravity method, 
or by the use of a fanning mill. When a mill is not available, 
or if the amount of palay needed for seed is small, the grain 
can be winnowed in strong wind and most of the light or 
immature seed and the dust can be separated. The final grading 
of the seed according to size can be done by hand with the use 
4 Rundles, J. C., Phil. Agr. & For. 3 (1915) 181-190. 
