372 The Philippine Journal of Science 1915 
riety; seed selection. within a variety; growing the seedling; 
transplanting at proper age ; preparation of soil in the field and 
maintaining its fertility ; and transplanting distance and number 
of seedlings per hill. 
Continued experimentation is necessary before conclusive re- 
commendations can be made concerning these various factors. 
CATCH CROPS 
Localities which have two distinct seasons, wet and dry, can 
grow but one crop of rice each year without irrigation. This 
crop is usually harvested at the end of the rainy season. On 
land where the water table is not more than a meter from the 
surface catch crops can get sufficient moisture to produce good 
paying results. 
It is advisable to cultivate the paddies, as cultivation enables 
the soil to be well aired, encourages the growth of beneficial 
bacteria, and aids in the destruction of weeds. In China and 
Japan a vegetable crop often follows rice. The cost of the work 
of cultivation can be met in this way. Legumes such as peanut 
( Arachis hypogaea), mongo ( Phaseolus radiatus), cowpea 
( Vigna unguiculata) , and sitao (Vigna sis quip edalis) are advis- 
able if the soil is deficient in nitrogen. They also form one of 
the cheapest substitutes for meat. 
Any one of these crops, succeeding the rice crop or grown 
whenever failure due to locusts or drought cuts the time short 
for a rice crop, should increase the revenues of the farm and 
give variety to the farmer’s diet. 
UPLAND RICE 
Rice is sometimes classified as upland or lowland. The first 
class includes the varieties which are accustomed to conditions 
favorable to corn or tobacco, while the latter class has reference 
to varieties accustomed to swampy or saturated soils. A third 
class may be given which would include the varieties which are 
interchangeable and which will grow under either conditions. 
COMMONEST METHOD OF SOIL PREPARATION 
The preparation of the soil is too often delayed until the light 
rains begin to fall, a short time before the real rainy season 
begins. The ground is plowed both ways once or twice. Level- 
ing with the bamboo harrow often follows the second or third 
plowing. It is not uncommon, however, for the seeding to be 
done after the last plowing, the seed being covered at a sub- 
sequent harrowing. 
