with conspicuous scar bands at segment borders; 
posterior spiracles on short projections, each with 
3 bulbs (fig. 158). 
Distribution. California, Colorado, Massachusetts, 
New Mexico, Washington; Canada, widespread in N. 
Europe, (?) Japan. 
References. Frick, 1959: 365; Spencer, 1966a: 43; 
1969a: 81; Brown and Eads (1969, biology). 
Last and penultimate sections of M 3+4 equal 
Ophiomyia tiliae (Couden) 
Note. Although species form twig galls (fig. 192), 
male genitalia clearly associate this species with 
Ophiomyia abutilivora (p. 250), a stem miner on 
Abut i Ion. 
Genus Ophiomyia Braschnikov 
Agromyza Falldn, subgenus Ophiomyia 
Braschnikov, 1897: 40. Type of 
subgenus: Agromyza maura Meigen, 
1830 (misidentif ied as A. pulicaria 
Meigen). No types extant. 
Ophiomyia Braschnikov, Hendel, 1920. 
Type of genus: Agromyza maura Meigen 
(misidentif ied as A. curvipalpis 
Zetterstedt, 1848). 
Ophiomyia Braschnikov, subgenus 
Tylomyza Hendel, 1931: 181. Type of 
subgenus: Agromyza pinguis Falldn, 
1823a, in NRS . 
Tylomyza Hendel, Enderlein, 1936 
(synonymy established by Spencer, 
1964a: 775). 
Hendel (1920) first treated Ophiomyia 
as a distinct genus, differentiating 
it from Mel ana gromyza by the raised 
facial keel dividing the base of the 
antennae and the fused vibrissal fas- 
ciculus in the male (figs. 221, 235). 
These characters are well defined in 
most species, but in others, in which 
the male genitalia, larval characters, 
or biology clearly indicate assignment 
to Ophiomyia rather than to Melan- 
a gromyza , one or the other of these 
characters or even both may be lacking. 
Other important characters are the 
termination of the subcosta in vein R 1 
(figs. 4, 204); the black halter (the 
only exceptions known are 0. maculata 
from California, 0. aeneonitens Strobl 
from Europe, and 0. aberrans Spencer 
from South Africa and Sri Lanka); the 
uniform black of both mesonotum and 
abdomen (except in the 0. jacintensis 
group discussed here, in which some 
greenishness occurs more frequently in 
Melanagromyza ) ; and the presence of 
only two pairs of strong dorsocentrals . 
The costa normally extends to vein 
M 1+2 (to R 4+5 in four U.S. species), 
and the squamal fringe is normally 
black (white in four U.S. species). 
Characteristically in the male 
genitalia, the basal sclerites are 
long (figs. 208, 229) and the 
distiphallus complex is asymmetrical 
(figs. 209, 246). In the United 
States, a group of five species is now 
known (0. jacintensis group), in which 
the aedeagus is complex and asymmetri- 
cal but differing substantially from 
the typical form. They are 0. 
bernardinensis , 0. shastensis , 0. 
yolensis , 0. tiliae , and 0. abutilivora 
feeding on Abut i Ion and Sida and are 
described here (part 2, p. 250). The 
morphological characters of the larva 
(fig. 197) and the feeding habit of 0. 
abutilivora confirm its close relation- 
ship to typical Ophiomyia species. 
Although the generic limits of 
Ophiomyia and Me 1 ana gr omy z a may not be 
obvious from external characters, the 
combination of morphological, larval, 
and biological characters will 
invariably indicate the correct 
generic position of doubtful species. 
37 
