rodlike process extending far into 
abdomen and to which flexible 
aedeagus is articulated; basal 
sclerites of aedeagus are basal 
section attached to aedeagal 
apodeme, entire or divided into two 
asymmetrical arms. 
Cerci — Paired, external appendages of 
epandrium, sometimes bearing stout 
bristles or one or more long hairs. 
Distiphallus — Distal section of 
aedeagus, normally consisting of 
paired tubules of varying size and 
shape that sometimes may be 
partially fused or, particularly in 
Ophiomyia , highly asymmetrical . 
(See also mesophallus . ) 
Epandrium — Ninth tergite, frequently 
of distinctive shape. 
Hypandrial apodeme — Elongate extension 
of hy pandr ium sometimes found at 
apex of ninth sternite. 
Hypandrium — (See ninth sternite.) 
Hypophallus — (See ventral lobe.) 
Mesophallus — Median section of 
aedeagus, of relatively secondary 
importance diagnostically and 
frequently not differentiated from 
distiphallus . 
Ninth sternite or hypandrium — Triangu- 
lar or rounded, highly modified, 
terminal ventral sclerite of 
abdomen, lying internally between 
aedeagal apodeme and aedeagus , 
generally U-, V-, or Y-shaped. 
Paramesophallus ( para phalli) — Paired 
sclerites at base of distiphallus 
complex. 
Phallophore — Muscular attachment of 
base of aedeagus to aedeagal apo- 
deme . 
Postgonite — Variously formed paired 
lobes near base of aedeagus, 
sometimes greatly enlarged and with 
teeth or hook at end. 
Sperm pump — Membranous structure lying 
within abdomen, with variable 
sclerotic blade and base and 
connected by long seminal duct to 
distiphallus . 
Surstylus — Process at lower inner 
corner of epandrium, sometimes 
discrete, and with spines or strong 
hairs. 
Ventral lobe — Ventrally directed 
sclerites near junction of 
distiphallus complex and end of 
basal sclerites. 
Immature Stages 
Few detailed descriptions have been 
given of larvae or puparia of United 
States Agromyzidae species. Important 
characters have been referred to under 
individual species here. Descriptions 
(in German) are available of most 
holarctic species in the series of 11 
papers by de Meijere (1925, 1950, with 
index, 1955), and additional species 
are described, with good illustrations, 
in 3 short papers by Hering (1954, 
1956, 1957). Descriptions of the 
larvae of Japanese species are given 
by Sasakawa (1961). Keys to genera 
are given by Frick (1952a) and, for 
Indian species, Singh and Ipe (1973), 
including many figures of larvae. 
The larvae of Agromyzidae may be 
distinguished from those of other 
mining and boring insects by the 
following characters: Legs, prolegs, 
and sclerotized head capsule wholly 
lacking; mouthparts consisting of a 
pair of vertically functioning mouth 
hooks at the anterior end of the 
characteristic internal cephalopharyn- 
geal skeleton; breathing organs con- 
sisting of a pair of spiracles situated 
dorsally on the prothoracic segment 
and a pair on the ultimate body 
segment. 
7 
