are known in Australia. The orbital 
setulae may be distinctly proclinate, 
upright, or lacking (but not 
reclinate); the arista may be long and 
drooping; the eye is frequently 
slanting; the mesonotum may be 
uniformly gray or gray with a yellow 
patch centrally adjoining the 
scutellum; the halter is frequently 
partially or entirely dark; and the 
costa always extends to vein M 1+2, 
but the outer crossvein may be present 
or lacking. In the male genitalia, 
the aedeagus is frequently greatly 
extended (figs. 997, 1000), and in 
most species there is a characteristic 
arrangement of spines either on the 
surstylus or within the epandrium 
(figs. 974, 996). 
Normally, species can be assigned 
either to Liriomyza or Phytoliriomyza 
from assessing all these characters, 
but occasionally there may still be an 
element of doubt. In such instances, 
the stridulating mechanism, present in 
all males of Liriomyza (figs. 621, 
622) is lacking, as far as is known, 
in all species of Phytoliriomyza , and 
will indicate the correct generic 
position. 
Phytoliriomyza is a relatively large 
genus, with about 60 species, and it 
is widely distributed from Greenland 
to Chile and extending from the 
Palaearctic Region to Nepal (Spencer, 
1965b, 1977a), Sri Lanka (Spencer, 
1975), and New Zealand (Spencer, 
1976b). Surprisingly, a considerable 
proliferation of species has occurred 
in Australia, where 18 species have 
been recorded. In the United States, 
22 species are now known, of which 2 
new species are described here (part 
2, p. 302), 5 species are transferred 
to Phytoliriomyza , and 3 have been 
identified as new to the United 
States — P. conspicua , JP. pallida , and 
P. volatilis from Canada. 
The host is known of only five 
species. Four are leaf miners — P. 
clara on Pteridium aquilinum 
(bracken), P. felti on the ferns 
Asplenium and Camptosorus , P. 
jacarandae on Jacaranda , and P. 
melampyga on Impatiens — whereas P. 
arctica has been reared from stems of 
Sonchus in Europe and has been caught 
in association with Solidago in 
Ontario. The small number of species 
of which the host is known suggests 
that many or most of the others form 
inconspicuous stem mines rather than 
more obvious leaf mines. 
It is significant that known leaf 
miners on ferns are all in 
Phytoliriomyza , with reared species 
also recorded in Europe, Australia, 
and New Zealand. No Liriomyza has 
been found to feed on any species of 
fern. 
Key to Phyto- 
liriomyza Species 
J? . jacarandae Steyskal and Spencer 
Synopsis. Head (fig. 956) entirely yellow with 
frons broad, twice width of eye; gena up to 0.5 
height of eye; mesonotum pale, with 3 rusty red- 
dish bands, central one extending just beyond 
level of dc 2, prescutellar area yellow; scutel- 
lum and pleura yellow; legs largely yellow; 
squama and fringe whitish yellow; wing length 
(fig. 957) 1.4-1. 6 mm, discal cell small, last 
section of M 3+4 3 times length of penultimate; 
male genitalia with aedeagus (figs. 958, 959) hav- 
ing distiphallus curving dorsally; epandrium (fig. 
1. Bristles on head yellow 2 
All bristles dark 3 
2 (1). All bristles yellow 
152 
