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QTTINOLOGY OF THE EAST INDIAN PLANTATIONS. 
It follows, from these experiments,* that the Mother-substance can be separated without any inter- 
ference with or diminution of the weight of the kinova-bitter. 
Also, that the alkaloids must be in a state of combination rendering them insoluble in water, as there 
was no evidence of their presence in any quantity in the gummy solution, which gave a brown, oily sub- 
limate by Grahe’s test. This agrees with the probability of their existing as combined with kinovic acid, 
and not w r ith kinic acid, of which last the traces were very faint. Ammonia, in some combination, was 
very manifestly present. 
I was surprised to find Quinidine well ascertained in the stem-wood, but, on referring to what I before 
published,! I see that I obtained Quinidine crystallizing as hydriodate from the inner and not from the outer 
bark, which shows a coincidence that can scarcely be accidental. In my present examination of the bark of 
C. Almaguerensis (which resembles red bark) I notice a similar result. 
The heart-wood of young plants of C. succirubra, sent me by Mr. MTvor, in 1863, gave me an 
opportunity of examining the results of eighteen months’ growth. Here there was not yet the true compact 
ligneous structure ; and, on examination, I was unable to detect any of the mother-substance above 
mentioned, but kinova-bitter, gum, and some chlorophyll were present. The presence of the latter shows 
the immature condition of the wood in these specimens, which were gathered during a season of much 
rain, and in the full flow of the sap. I did not recognize in them any alkaloid. 
The Leaves. 
The leaves come next in the course of the ascending sap, and it is in these that we may expect to 
find its constituent principles more concentrated. We have to consider, in connection with these, the results 
of their exposure to the atmospheric influence, the fixation of carbon, the throwing off of oxygen under 
the influence of the light of the sun, — in a word, the well-known processes of vegetable assimilation 
and growth. I find in the leaves — ammonia, in some combination, abundant ; chlorophyll in the second 
modification described by Berzelius, which, in combination with hydrochloric acid, gives a most lovely 
emerald colour, — a valuable dye, if it could be fixed in that state. It is indeed, as remarked by Berzelius, 
to be ranked amongst dyeing substances, though not amongst those giving fast colours. I also find the 
zanthophyll of Berzelius, and perhaps another modification of chlorophyll, which, under the influence of 
chlorine, gives rise to red and pink colours, such as are visible in the fading leaf. 
I first showed the presence of alkaloids in the leaf in the following Beport, given in June, 1863 : — 
“ The absence of any carmine sublimate by heat! led me at first to an unfavourable conclusion. The decoctions 
and infusions made by MTvor, though in perfectly good condition, showed that the contents changed most rapidly 
under the influence of the oxygen of the atmosphere, as soon as ammonia was added to the, at first, decidedly acid 
liquor. Fortunately, a good supply of several ounces of dried leaves had been sent over, and from these I succeeded 
in obtaining Quinine, though in very small quantity, but presenting its usual characteristics . . . but nevertheless 
showing a characteristic implication with resinous or extractive matter, such as is usually met with in the very 
smallest quills or canutillos of South American bark, in analysing which it is frequently difficult to purify the 
Quinine from this adhesion. I obtained first from these leaves to the extent of 0T1 of alkaloid, of which part was 
soluble in ether, the remainder in spirits of wine, and afterwards, 0T9 of precipitate, still more combined with 
* Another examination of stem-wood gave, by different process, — 
(Quinine?) alkaloid soluble in ether, sp. gr. 0714 
Cinchonidine (soluble in ether, sp. gr. 0730) . 
Cinchonine (and Quinidine ?) 
Cinclionicine ...... 
0-129 
0-029 
0-070 
0-029 
0-257 
the total amount is here more correct than in No. 4, as there was less loss of alkaloid soluble in ether. The qualitative 
estimate better in the above. 
1 Microscopical Observations,'’ p. 6. J Grahe’s test (Chemisettes Centralblatt), March, 1860. 
