14 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
gation of the changes of the original Quaternary fauna, which were effected 
not only by terrestrial and climatic agencies, but also, in a considerable mea- 
sure, by the agency of man. He distinguishes the following phases : — 
1. In the first phasis this fauna flourished in Northern Asia, and comprised 
the Mammoth, Hairy Rhinoceros, Aurochs, Bison, Musk-Ox, Antelopes, Wild 
Sheep, Musk-Deer, Ibex, Reindeer, Deer, Roebuck, Wild Boar, Bears, pro- 
bably Tiger, Hya3ua, &c., and numerous Rodents. JNIun may have been co- 
existent with this fauna. 
2. The second phasis may be taken from the spreading of this fauna into 
Middle, Southern, and Eastern Europe, to the time of the extinction of the 
Mammoth. The coexistence of man with the Mammoth in this period is 
beyond doubt j and although the people who assisted in its extermination be- 
long to the prehistoric period, man may have lived in a higher state of culture 
in other parts of the globe (Egyptians, Assyrians). 
3. The third phasis terminates with the extinction of the Reindeer in the 
southern half and centre of Europe, which continued to exist in Scotland 
down to the twelfth century. This period extends into the beginning of the 
Christian era. 
4. The fourth phasis begins with the disappearance of the Reindeer in 
Western Europe, and extends to the extinction of the Aurochs (sixteenth 
century). 
6. The fifth phasis is that of the present fauna. 
\lGreenland. Mr. Robert Brown has written a long paper on the Mamma- 
lian Fauna of Greenland, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1868, pp. 330-362, He gives a his- 
tory of the subject, enters upon the geographical distribution of the species, 
communicates his notes and observations on the habits of the terrestrial spe- 
cies, and, finally, treats of the doubtful and mythical species introduced into 
this fauna. — The same author has written on the Seals and Cetaceans ob- 
served by him in the seas of Greenland and Spitzbergen. Ibid. pp. 405-440, 
633-566. 
*4 China. The Abb^ Armand David gives a very instructive account of an 
excursion in Mongolia, Nouv. Arch. Mus. dTIist. Nat. iii. J807, Bull. pp. 18- 
GO (not concluded). Ho gives a list of 00 Mammalia (p. 20), the more interest- 
ing of which have been desciibed by M. A. Milne-Ed wards. 
■4 M, A. Milne-Edwards has continued his examinations of the Mammalia 
sent from Northern China (see Zool. Record, iv. p. 17). He mentions pro- 
visionally six other new species, Ann. Sc. Nat. viii. pp. 374-376. A full 
account has been commenced by him in Recherches Hist. Nat. Mammif. 
P. 67. 
Palestine. For the present we have only shortly to refer to a paper on the 
Fauna of Palestine by Mr. Tristram, an abstract of whicli appeared in Proc. 
Roy. Soc. 1868, p. 316. 
.^North-eastei'n Africa. An interesting account of an expedition to the 
Sudan, made with the intention of collecting living animals, has been given 
by Marno, Zoolog. Gart. 1868, pp. 81-04, 168-173, 212-216,230-242. 
Rhmion. Dr. Vinson has written an article on the changes in the fauna 
of this island, which are entirely caused by the agency of man. Bull. Soc. 
Acclim. Paris, 1868, pp. 670-500, 626-636. 
.,p\Madagascar. The discovery of a subfossil Hippopotamus in this island by 
M. Grandidier (JT. lenierlei) is of gi’eat interest as regards geogi’aphical 
