MOLLUSCA. 
437 
Malta. The land- and freshwater mollusks of this island and the neigh- 
bouring island of Gozo are eniimerated by A. Issel : 44 species, 33 terrestrial, 
9 aquatic, and 2 submarine {Alexia) ; 30 of them it has in common with Sicily, 
*3 with other parts of the shores of the Mediterranean ; 7 are peculiar, viz. 
Helix melitensis (Fdr.), spratti (Pfr.), schemhrii (Schwerzenbach), calcarata 
(Benoit), Clausilia delicatce (Gulia), mamotica (Gulia), and Cyclostoma meli- 
tc7ise (Sow.). The land-snails are generally of small size, and have a solid 
shell with well-developed sculpture. There are no exclusively African 
forma, if we do not regard Melania tuhet'culata (Miill.) as African, it being 
rather Indian, and probably introduced by the agency of aquatic birds; 
at all events it is the first instance of its being found in Europe. Also, of 
the numerous species of land-shells peculiar to Sicily, only three or four 
have been found in Malta. This island was probably larger in former times, 
but its present fauna does not favour the idea of its having been connected 
in later geological times either with Sicily or, still less, with Africa. Bullett. 
Malacol. Ital. i. pp. 1-6, 17-24. 
Island of llhodes. Some shells found in this island are mentioned by Jos. 
Erber, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch.,18G8, p. 904. They are Helix mei'i- 
dionalis (Pan\), oeellaia (Parr.), jnsaita, redtenhaclieri (Zeleb.), BuUnius fits- 
conif/er (Parr.), turyidus (Parr.), Pupa lindermeyeri (Parr.), Clausilia olivieri 
(Both), Melanopsis lucio (Mouss.), and a Helix, said to be new, but not 
described. 
The Algei'ian species of the genus Pomatias are enumerated by Bourgui- 
GNAT, Moll. nouv. litig. ou pen connus, part ix. pp. 290-292. 
Tunis. J. B. Bourguignat has published an account of its molluscan 
fauna, chiefly from personal observations made during some excursions to the 
vicinity of the town. At present 61 species are known from this regency, viz. 
63 terrestrial and 8 freshwater species. Only 10 are not known to occur in 
Algeria, and peculiar to Tunis, most of them being new (though closely allied 
to Algerian species), viz. 6 of Helix, 2 of Clausilia, 1 Limncea, and 1 Hydrobia. 
The following South-European species occur also in Tunis : — Milax gagates 
(Drap.), Zonites candidissimus Helix aperta (Born), melanostoma 
(Drap.), aspei'sa (Miill.), vermietdata (Miill.), conspnreata (Drap.), lenticida 
(F^r.), inifolahris lincata (Olivi) \^=marithna (Drap.)], vat'iahilis 
(Drap.), cretica (F(5r.), pisana (Miill.), cespitum (Drap.), pyramidaia (Drap.), 
terrestris (Chemn.), acuta (Miill.), Bulinms decollatus (L.), pupa (L.), Clau- 
silia hidc7is (L.) [^=papillaris (Miill.)], Piqm granum (Drap.), Cyclostoma std- 
catum(Y)Y?c^.),3Ielania tuhercidata (Moll.), Melanopsis maroccana (Chemn.), 
Helix rupestris (Drap.). Ihqm umhilicata (Drap.) and Lhnncea truncatula 
(Mull.) are the only species common to the central or northern parts of Europe. 
Fenissacia camea (Pisso) lives in the ruins of Carthage and Utica; but the 
occurrence of this species in Europe is very doubtful. 
Syi'ia and Palestine. The species of Clausilia occurring in these countries 
are enumerated by M. Bourgignat, Moll. nouv. litig. part ix. pp. 277-289 ; 
some other shells from the same countries, ibid, part x. pp. 311 and 316. 
3 . Eastern Asia. 
Japan. Mr. A. Adams enumerates 63 species of Helicidce, Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. i. pp. 459-472,34 of them being described as new. The European 
Hyalma nitida, the North- American H. electrina and Helix minuscida have 
