582 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
Calcarea. 
Calcispongiad(B. 
Leucosolenia (Grantia) botryoides, Bowerbank, is described in great detail 
by Clark, Ic. pp. 323-320, pi. 0. figs. 40-44, pi. 10. fig. 04. 
Guancha hlanca, nov. geu. et sp., Miklucho-Maclay, 1. c. p. 221, Taf. 4. 
fig. 1, Canary Islands. No generic or specific diagnosis of this Sponge is 
given. It appears to be closely related to the genus Ute. Two forms of it 
were met with, the single and the compound form. The Sponge is from 
1^ to 2^ millims. long, ^ millim. broad, spindle-shaped, with a tolerably long 
stalk. The body of the Sponge is loose and pliant, so as to be wafted about 
by the least movement of the water to one or the other side. On the upper 
end is the mouth-opening, beset with large spicules, seen by the unassisted 
eye. The outer surface is smooth, and of a shining white colour. 
The development of this Sponge is either by budding or by gemmulos, 
both of which forms are here described. The mass of the Sponge is also 
added to by concrescence, or the fusing together of several bodies into one 
mass j and commonly, though many individual forms may thus aggregate to 
form one mass, there will be but a single mouth-opening, 
t The coelenterate system is described as found to exist in Guancha hlanca ; 
and the conclusion is come to that all living Sponges and Coelenterata spring 
from a common primary stock, but the former remained at a much lower 
stage of difterentiation. The Petrospongida remained still nearer the ground- 
plan, and help to bridge over the chasm between it and the existing Sponges. 
When treating of the limits of the Protista, Iliickel (1. c. p. 118) inciden- 
tally refers to the researclies of Miklucho, and expresses his satisfaction at 
the additional proofs given in his memoir on Guancha hlanca of the coelen- 
terate affinities of the Sponges. The so-called oscula are not only excretory 
openings, but serve also for the reception of food and water — are at once 
anal and oral, are indeed the analogues, and probably the homologues, of the 
stomachic cavities of the Ocelenterata. The canals proceeding from the 
oscula correspond to those which ramify in the parenchyma of many Antho- 
zoa. Their stomachic cavity is even in some Sponges {Axinella) divided into 
compartments ; and from this fact, and their mode of reproduction, the rela- 
tionship of Sponges and Anthozoa becomes still more probable. So, follow- 
ing Leuckart in uniting them with the Ocelenterata, Iliickel would divide 
the coelenterate stem as follows : — 
I. Spongice (non-urticating Coelenterates). 
II. Acalephce (urticating Coelenterates). 
In a footnote, the tendency of which is, apparently, to reconcile all the ex- 
isting theories about the genus Hyalonema, the author remarks that this 
relationship throws a particular light on Hyalonema. May not, after all, 
spongious elements and polypous covering be parts of the same animal, 
and Hyalonema a direct descendant of the common stem of Sponges and 
Acalephes ? ” 
Na,rdoa canariensis, N. nib?'a, and N. sulphurea are indicated by Miklucho- 
Maclay as new species from the Canary Islands, but they are not described. 
L. c. p. 230, footnote. 
