684 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
a genus to contain tlie Ilyalonema schnitzel of Semper and a new species 
taken at the Island of Ceram at a great depth, and. now in the museum at 
Leyden. H, ludekingi, sp. n,, Herklots & Marshall, /. c. p. 438. 
Dr. J. E. Gray, 1. c. p. 373, regards Hyalonema schultzeij Semper, as belong- 
ing to JEuplectella, or a genus near to Euplcctellaj which he calls Semperella. 
Sempei'dluy g. n.. Gray (November 1, 1868), 1. c. p. 376, fig. c. A tubular 
vase-shaped sponge, with the tube closed with a convex lid, and the wall of 
the tube formed of elongated, slender, subcylindrical, thread-like, siliceous 
spicules, which are kept in the vase-shaped form by the sarcode. The base 
contracted, some of the thread-like spicules of the tube and others being pro- 
duced into a stem, which is sunk into the mud, the radical filaments barbed 
near the end, and with a cup-shaped anchor at the tip, S, sclmltzei— Hyalo- 
nema schultzeij Semper. 
Dr. J. E. Gray (/. c. vol. i. p. 293) points out the peculiar structure of the 
long spicules of Ilyaloiiemaj and thinks that this very peculiarity helps to 
prove that they are secretions of the hard tlesh of the polype that surrounds 
each of them, and so form part of the community of the Palythom. 
Dr. J. E. Gray also argues against the views of Max Schultze, and in fa- 
vour of Hyalonema being an Actinozoan. He, however, agrees with Prof. 
Loven in believing that Hyalonema grows with the loose portion of the coil 
of spicules in the ground or mud. L. c. vol. ii. p. 268. 
Hyalonema horeale. Under this name Lov^n (/. c.) describes two specimens 
of a small siliceous Sponge — one specimen found on the coast of Finmark, and 
the other dredged from a depth of about 200 fathoms in the North Sea, on 
the Storeggen. The Sponge is about 2 inches high, with a spherical body, 
which may be called a head, supported by a slender stem, round, and thrice 
as long as the body. While indicating the differences that exist between this 
Sponge and H. sieboldii. Gray, the author thinks it convenient for the pre- 
sent to include it in Gray’s genus Hyaloneina, emending this for the purpose 
as follows : — 
Spongia silicea; corpus clavatum in facie superiors, applanata, oscula 
gerens, stipite intrante suffultum tereti, radiculis alfixo. Spicula fusiformia ; 
stipitis ad longitudinem spiraliter et arte conjuncta pareuchymate tenui j 
corporis in fasciculos radiautes congesta, interstitiis parenchyma lacuuosum 
amplum continentibus j cuticulje simplicia arcuata j amphidisci [gemmulas 
vestientes P]. 
It has been overlooked by some authors that this emended description of 
Hyalonema asserts that the Sponges of the genus are affixed by the stem-like 
portion in the mud. 
Dr. Gray (/. c.) regards Hyakmema horeale, as a siliceous Sponge, belong- 
ing to the family Ilalichondiiadie, perhaps having affinities with Huli- 
chondria ficus, Johnst., which is the type of the genus Fictdina, Gray. 
The Recorder mentions (/. c.) having dredged living specimens of the 
genus Hyalonema off the coast of Portugal, near Setubal, and records the 
fact, now for the first time proved, that the Hyalonema grows attached to 
the mud by its stem. 
Professor Bocage (/. c. p. 38) describes and figures a small Sponge (X. 
hm'ealis) which he had at first thought was the same as Loven’s species, but 
which he afterwards fancied was the young of II. lusitanicum ’, on reexami- 
nation, he decides it to belong to a new genus, to which he gives the name 
