THE GENEllAL SUBJECT. 
ocelli on birds’ feathers. These are traced by successive 
steps from their beginning as simple spots, through many phases 
(as, for example, when they are eonfluent in the train of Pavo), 
till they culminate in the wonderful ^^ball-and-socket” aspect 
they take in Argus — the process being illustrated by Mr. Ford’s 
admirable woodcuts. 
The following chapter (p. 154) treats of the questions why in 
some Birds the Female is Less Ornamented than the Male, while 
in others Both Sexes are Equally Ornamented; and thereto the 
point whether a character at first inherited by both sexes can 
be transmitted to one only is discussed. Mr. Wallace’s Theory 
(Zool. Bee. V. p. 64) is next considered (p. 166), and, notwith- 
standing certain obvious objections, its main principles iire 
admitted. With the addition of a few words on the Changes of 
Plumage in Relation to Season (p. 180) the chapter ends. 
The whole subject is concluded in the next chapter, beginning 
with the Transmission of Characters as Limited by Age (p. 183) ; 
and the frequency with which the young of some species differ 
from their parents but resemble the adults of nearly allied species 
is fully shown. Then, by way of superseding the Laws of 
Plumage ” laid down by Cuvier, and well known to require rec- 
tification, Six Classes of Cases under which the differences and 
resemblances between young and old of both sexes, or of one sex 
alone, can be grouped are stated (p. 187). These are : — (i.) when 
the old cock surpasses the hen in beauty the young resemble her ; 
(ii.) when the old hen surpasses the cock the young resemble 
him ; (iii.) when the parents are alike the young have a peculiar, 
dress ; (iv.) when parents and young are both alike ; (v.) when the 
parents, whether the sexes are alike or not, have a distinct sea- 
sonal plumage the young {a) resemble them in their winter 
dress, or {h) much more rarely in their summer dress, (c) re- 
semble the hen only, {d) have an intermediate character, or (e) 
may greatly differ from anj^ plumage of the adult ; and (vi.) when 
the young in their first plumage differ according to their sex, the 
cocks favouring their father, the hens taking after their mother. 
These cases, which seem to be exhaustive, are very fully con- 
sidered in the following pages ; and their Protective Colouring 
(p. 223) is treated, — the whole being brought to a close (p. 232) 
by an excellent Summary of the Argument, which is not here 
attempted, as being beyond the scope of this annual. 
Frauenfeld, G. VON. Die Grundlagen des Vogelschutzgcs 
. Der Vogelschutz. Verz. z.-b. Wien, xxi. pp. 1148- 
To the same effect as the foregoing, but with the additi 
R running commentary on the birds of Europe. 
Advocating the utility and protection of small birds. 
Wien: 1871. 8vo, pp. 12. 
