198 ARACHNIDA. 
Koch, Ludwig. Die Arachniden Australiens, nach der Natur 
beschrieben und abgebildet. Niirnberg : 1871-72. 
An important and comprehensive work, intended to include the Arachnida 
of all that part of the globe known as Australasia. Five parts of 4to size have 
already appeared, containing pp. 1-248, and pis. i.-xx. In these five parts 
157 species of Araneidea^ chiefly of the families Epeirides and Thm'idiides, have 
been described, 101 being described as new, and 8 new genera are charac- 
terized. The figures given in the plates are numerous, and admirably exe- 
cuted in black and white. 
Menge, a. Preiissische Spinuen. IV. Abtbeilung. Scbr. Ges. 
Danz. (N. F.) pp. 265-296, pis. 50-53. [Cf, Zool. Rec. vi. 
p.l42.) 
The present part concludes the genus Dictyna^ and comprises the genera 
Tegenaria, Cicurina^ Philcccaf Cryphceca, Textrix^ Agelena, CybceuSy Amau- 
rohiuSj Ctenium, and Argyroneta. 
Nicholson, Henry Alleyne. A Manual of Zoology for the 
use of Students, with a general introduction on the princi- 
ples of Zoology. Edinburgh & London : 1870. 
Chapter xxxvi. (pp. 221-230) contains a short general view of the class 
Arachnida, in which Podosomata (Nymphon and Pycnogonuni), Linguatidina, 
and Tardigrada are included, forming the 1st and 2nd orders of the first great 
division j in the latter order are included the Acaridea. Order 3 (Adelar- 
throsomata) includes Phalangids, Ohelifers, and Solpugids. The two main di- 
visions of Arachnida are based on the [supposed] difierences in the breathing- 
organs, tracheal and pulmonary. 
Ninni, a. P. Catalogo degli Araneidi Trevigiani. Venezia : 
1869, (separate copy) pp. 1-10. 
Includes 124 known species, distributed amongst 9 families. 
. Indice Alfabetico, Sinonimico e Sistematico degli Arac- 
nidi Veneti delP ordine Araneina. Parte prima. Venezia : 
1870, (sep. copy) pp. 1-27. 
Recites the literature on the subject, including and collating lists of species 
published by v. Martens in 1838, Contarini, 1843, v. Martens, 1845, Contarini, 
1847, Disconzi, 1865, Canestrini, 1867 and 1868 (3 papers), Canestrini & 
Pavesi, 1869, and Ninni, 1869. 
Packard, Junr., A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects. Salem : 
1869. 
The portion of this well-known work (pp. 626-669) referring to the Arach- 
nida consists of a short general account of the whole class, treating of both 
internal and external organization, as well as classification. The spinnerets 
of the Araneidea are looked upon as modified legs (p. 631). The maxillaiy 
palpi are supposed to have the function of the antennae (p. 629) in insects, 
and the legs of the first pair to be homologous with their labial palpi. 
The Arachnida are constituted an order below Insecta, and are divided into 
three suhoi'ders — Araneina, Pedipalpi, and Acarina. Pedipalpi include Sol- 
pugids and Phalangids, as Scorpions, &c. {Pedipalpi, Latr.). The Araneina 
