ECHINODERMATA. 
459 
Mich. ; Chjpcastcr testudinarius, Gray, nec Mart. (= C. speciosuSf Verr,), pi. 10. 
figs. 7 and 7a, La Paz, nec Borneo ; Meona grandis, Gray { = M. magna, Verr.), 
La Paz, not Australia; Agassizia suhrotimda, Gray, and A. ovulum, Lutkeii 
(young), = ^. scrohicidata, Val. 
Verrili. also (1. c. pp. 502 & 693) points out the distinctive characters of 
Melalia and Plagumotus, and protests against the reading of papers being 
considered equivalent to publication. 
For notes on recent and fossil Echmodermata, cf. W. Swanston, Rep. Belf. 
Club, viii. pp. 40-42. 
Forty- three species of Ecliinoderniata are enumerated by G. Hodge (Tr. 
North. Durh. iv. pt. 1. pp. 120-150, pis. 1-3, 6) as occurring off the coasts 
of Northumberland and Durham. Very full localities are given. The pedi- 
cellarisQ are perhaps modified tentacles. Opliiura normani, Hodge, = affinis, 
Liitk. A specimen of Astropecten irregularis, with bifurcated rays and ab- 
normal patellae, is noticed. Astcrias ruhens, varr. hispida, attenuata, «and 
gigantea are characterized. The plates mostly represent spicules &c. 
On Echinodermata in Firth of Clyde, cf, J. Grieve, P. N. H. Soc. Glasg. i. 
pp. Gl, 63-GG. 
On the embryology of Echinoderms, cf. A. Agassiz, Mem. Am. Ac. ix. 
pp. 1-30, 4 plates. The principal species noticed and figured in various 
stages are Toxopneustes drobachiensis, Ag., Ophiophilus hellis, Lym., Cuvieria 
fabricii, Dlib. & Kor., Amphmra squamata, Sars, and Asteracantliion Jiaccida, 
Ag. The technical part is too elaborate to admit of any abstract. The 
pedicellariae in sea-urchins fulfil the office of scavengers. The early stages 
of all Echinoids recall the first which appeared in geological ages. By this 
standard the true Echini are the lowest, next the Clypeastroids, then the 
Echinolamps, and finally the Spatangoids. The lowest of the Echini are the 
Cidaridce, followed by the Diadcmatida;, Echmometrada>, Echmocidaridce, 
and lleliocidaridce. The succession of the groups in time is also noticed. 
Leuckart’s division of the Radiata into two great groups, Echinodermata and 
Coelenterata, cannot be maintained. The Ctenophora form the connecting 
link between them. 
During a trawling-expedition in the summer of 1870, 14 species of Echino- 
dermata were obtained in shallow water on the fishing banks off the east 
and west coasts of Jutland (0. A. Bergh, Act. Lund. 1870, ii. no. G. pp. 5G, 
pis. 2). East coast : E. miliaris, T. droebachiensis, E. pusillus, E. cordatum^ 
E, lyrifcra, A. rubens and muellcri) A. mudlcri) 0. squamosa, A. Jili- 
formis, and A. elegans. West coast : O. texturata and albida, E. esculentus, 
E. pusillus, E. cordatum, and E. lyrifera. Very full tables of their geogra- 
phical distribution are given. T. drcebachiensis, A. rubens, and O. squamosa 
are Arctic species, E. pusillus and A. Jiliformis Mediterranean, and the 
others boreal. 
Lutken has given a revised list of the Echinodermata occurring on the 
coast of Denmark, with a very full analysis of their distribution (Vid. Medd. 
1871, pp. 135-143). His former list, published in 186G, included 23 species ; 
but he now enumerates 30 (exclusive of Thyonidium commune, Forbes, and 
Astropecten squamatus^ doubtful spp.), viz. IIolothuriideB 4, Echinidce 8, Aste- 
riidee 9, Ophiuridoi 9. (a) 3 spp. occur in the German Ocean and Skagerack, 
not yet recorded from the Danish part of the Kattegat; (b) 4 spp. occur in 
the Kattegat, but not yet known to occur in the CEresund or generally in 
