GENERAL NOTES. 479 
Ophryoscolecida, Cyclidina, Encheliida, Colepida, Traclielida, Ophiyocercida, 
Colpodina, Buraariida, Stentorida, Oxytrichida, Euplotida, Aspidiscida. 
SPONGI^. 
Sarcospongi^. 
CERAOspoNGiiE : SpoHgiida, Hirciniida, Dysideida. 
Gummine^. 
Halichondrije : Ilalichondriida, Clionida. 
Acanthospongi^ : Euplectellida, Esperiida, Tethyida. 
CoRTiCATA : Geodiida, Placospoiigiida. 
CoRALLiospoNGiiE ; Dactylocalicida, Aphrocallistida. 
POTAMOSPONGI^. 
Oalcispongi^. 
M. Johnson (^‘Transmutation of Form in certain Protozoa,” and “The 
Monad’s Place in Nature,” M. Micr. J. v. pp. 222-226; vi. pp. 184-191, 
217-224, pis. 85, 100, 103) considers that monads are constant auxiliaries in 
the change of inorganic into organic matter. The so-called Brownian move- 
ments are probably due to the presence of life in some object too small for in- 
dependent vision by the microscope. Under changed circumstances, a monad 
may become a Chlorococcus, an Oscillatoria, a Ijjnghya, a moss, a lichen, an 
Amceha^ or a Muccdo. Actinophrys sol is a phase of Amoeba ; and from an 
Amoeha-iorm Paramecium can be observed to develop. Paramecium again 
constantly transforms to VorticeMa^ and thence to Callidina elegans. The whole 
of the lower forms of plant and animal life up to the Infusoria and Rotifera 
must be regarded as probabl}^ derivable from the same or similar lower forRis. 
T. 0. IIiLGARD, “ Infusorial Circuit of Generations,” Am. J. Sc. (3) ii. 
pp. 20-25, 88-96 ; M. Micr. J. vi. pp. 227-233, 284, describes the appearance 
of Vorticella as an occasional parasite in Prolocoocus, and the development of 
the former into Oxytricha, Paramecium, and Amoeba. Further development 
into Planarioi and Rotifera may subsequently take place. 
On protoplasm and cell-formation in Myxomycetce, Rhizopoda, Hydrce, &c., 
cf. Seubert & Ratzel, Verb. Ver. Karlsr. iii. pp. 11, 12, 47, 48. 
F. Crace-Oalvert has made experiments on the tenacity of protoplasmic 
life, which tell against spontaneous generation. All existing life in a solu- 
tion is not completely destroyed by a less temperature than 400° F., con- 
tinued for half, an hour, and is scarcely affected by a temperature as low as 
16° F. P. R. Soc. xix. pp. 408-476 ; Ann. N. 11. (4) viii. pp. 63-66, 129- 
134; cf. Am. J. Sc. (3) ii. pp. 219, 220. 
K. Mobius believes that the presence of vegetable matter is as indispen- 
sable to the existence of animal life in the deep sea as elsewhere ; and his 
observations show that decaying vegetable matter is always subsiding and 
depositing itself on the sea-bed, forming an appropriate basis for the nourish- 
ment of the deep-sea animals. “Wo kommt die Nahrung fiir die Tiefsee- 
thiere her?” Z. wiss. Zool. xxi. pp. 294-304; cf. Z. ges. Naturw. (2) iv* 
pp. 201-203 ; transl. Ann. N. II. (4) viii. pp. 193-203. 
On reproduction in the lowest animals, cf. Giebel, Z. ges. Naturw. (2) iv. 
p. 605. 
Perty notices recent observations on the lowest organisms. Mitth. (los. 
Bern, 1870, pp. 1-liv. 
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