216 
CRUSTACEA. 
published some further notes on the Zoosperms of Crustacea (Pagurus 
maculatuSf callidus, and ornatus, Porcellana platycheles^ Galathea squa- 
mifera, 2 Liidi Palcemon squilla), the forms of which are stated to be strictly 
regulated in accordance with the external shape of the animal ; a state 
of things not easily reconcilable with the theory of derivation from a 
primitive form. 
The moulting of the common cray-fish is the object of a paper by 
Max Braun, who states that between the chitinogen cells and the old 
chitinous shell a layer of hair-like processes is produced which serves to 
loosen the shell ; a similar production of microscopical hairs precedes the 
formation of the so-called “eyes,” or calcareous deposits within the 
stomach, and this production also occurs between the chitinogen cells and 
the old chitinous layer of the stomach, so that it must be regarded 
as analogous to a cuticular production. Arb. Inst. Wurzb. ii. pp. 121-166, 
pis. viii. & ix. 
Contributions to Faunas. 
145 species of Crustacea, including 2 Pycnogonids, 9 Cirripeds, 6 Cope- 
pods, 21 Ostracoda, 64 Tetradecapods, 1 Cumacean, and 43 Podophthalma 
observed at St. Andrews by W. 0. Macintosh, Mar. Invertebr. of St* 
Andrews, p. 133 et seq. 
6 species of Lcemodipoda, 77 of Amphipoda, 17 of Isopoda, 8 of 
Cumacea, 1 Stomapod (Erichthus), 14 of Mysidte, 1 Nebalia, 30 of Deca- 
poda Macrur a, 8 of D. Anomura, and 21 of D. Brachyura found in dif- 
ferent parts of the North Sea during the expedition of the German 
steamer “ Ppmmerania” are enumerated by A. Metzger, Ber. Unters. 
Pommerania, pp. 278-295, some new among them are described, and 
Critical and biological observations added, pp. 296-306. A considerable 
f aunistic difference exists between the more southern and northern parts 
of the North Sea, north and south of the Dogger Bank, separated by a 
line from Scarborough to the Skagerrak; in the southern part, the 
temperature of the water in the summer is higher and nearly the same 
(about 13°-14® B.) from the surface until 20-30 fathoms ; in the northern, 
it decreases considerably beneath the surface, and is therefore more 
fitted for northern species ; id. 1. c. pp. 306-309. 
14 species of Copepoda and 2 of Cladocera {Evadne) found in different 
parts of the North Sea during the above-mentioned expedition are 
enumerated and a new one described, by K. Mobius, tom. cit. 
pp. 269-276, pis. vii. & viii. ; the Copepods are more common near land 
than in the open sea. 
. One species of Ostracoda, Philomedes globosus (Lillj.), and 6 of 
Copepods have been found in the sea near Spitzbergen by the Swedish 
expedition of 1872-73; W. Lilljeborg, CEfv. Ak. Forh. xxxii. No. 4, 
pp. 3-12. 
Some species, new for the Swedish Fauna, are enumerated by Malm, 
Forh. Sk. Naturf. xi. 
Three species of Balanus, 7 of Amphipoda, 4 of Isopoda, 1 Cuma, 2 
Mysis, and 3 of, Decupoda, viz., Palcemon squilla, Crangon vulgaris, and 
