404 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
can practice of an author attaching his own name, instead of that of 
the original describer, to any species which he removes to another 
genus. 
S. H. ScuDDER has published an exhaustive memoir on Fossil Butter- 
flies (Mem. Am. Ass. i. pp. 1-99, pis. i.-iii. 4to, Salem ; 1875). He 
commences with a full bibliography, and then discusses 9 dilferent species ; 
their comparative age, the probable food of their larvae, and the present 
distribution of their nearest living allies ; ending with a general sum- 
mary, notices of undetermined forms, and remarks on fossils erro- 
neously referred to butterflies. All known fossil butterflies come from 
the tertiaries of Europe ; the oldest is probably Coliates proserpina. 3 
species are Indo-Malayan in their affinities, and 4 American, 1 is Medi- 
terranean, and 1 African. Butterflies, as far as we know, seem to have 
appeared first in the lower tertiaries. The 9 species admitted and figured 
by Scudder are Neorinopsis sepulta, Boisd., and Lethites reynesi, Scudd. 
{Satyrinoi) \ Eugonia atava, Charp. {Nymphalince) ] Mylothrites pluto^ 
Heer, Coliates proserpina, Scudd., and Pontia freyeri^ Heer {Pierin(B ) ; 
Thaites ruminiana^ Scudd. (^Papilionince) ; Thanatites vetula, V. Heyd., 
and Pamphilites abdita, Scudd. (^Hesperiidce). Among fossils erroneously 
considered to be Lepidopterous, Scudder includes Cyllonium boisduva- 
lianum and hewitsonianum^ Westw., and Palceontina oolitica^ Butl. He 
still maintains that the last is a Cicada. 
A. Werneburg, “Der Schmetterling, und sein Leben” (Berlin, 1874, 
8vo), appears, from a notice in Z. ges. Naturw. (2) xi. pp. 66 & 67, to 
be a popular work, discussing the part played by Lepidoptera in the 
economy of nature, and their relations to man. 
J. A. Lintner has published part 2 of his “ Entomological Contribu- 
tions ” ; Eep. N. Y. S. Mus. xxiv. pp. 109-170. It is devoted chiefly to 
notices of the transformations of various N. American Lepidoptera. 
A. Weismann, “ tiber den Saison-Dimorphismus der Schmetterlinge ” 
(Leipzig ; 1875, 8vo, pp. iv. & 94, 2 col. plates; also Ann. Mus. Genov, vi. 
pp. 209-302, pis. viii. & ix.), discusses the difference between the broods 
of various butterflies, especially Vanessa levana^ porima, and prorsa ; 
Pieris napi, napcece, and bryonice ; and Papilio ajax, marcdlus^ and tela- 
monides^ and gives the result of numerous experiments. The most con- 
stant forms are Vanessa levana and Pieris bryonice^ which appear to 
have survived from the glacial period, and to be the original forms of 
their species. Pap. telamonides seems to be an intermediate form tend- 
ing to reversion from casual circumstances, and corresponding to Van. 
porima. Pier, bryonice is not variable in the Polar Regions, and its 
variability in Switzerland appears to be due to its hybridizing 
with the more rpodern forms of the plains. Climatic varieties are 
defined as those which are directly produced by climate, and local 
varieties as those which have arisen from other local circumstances. 
Polyommatus phlceas is single-brooded in Lapland, and double-brooded 
in Germany, but it shows no variation in either country, whereas in 
Southern Europe it exhibits seasonal dimorphism. The winter and 
summer broods of P. agestis differ considerably in Germany ; in Italy 
