34 AVES. 
SCLATER, P. L. On the species of the genus Synallaxis of the family 
’ Dendrocolaptidce [q. v.]. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 2-28, pis. ii.-iv. 
On a small collection of Birds from Barbadoes, West Indies. 
Tom. cit. pp. 174 & 176. 
9 species mentioned. 
. , On the Neotropical species of the family Pteroptochidoi [q. v.]. 
Ibis, 1874, pp. 188-206, pi. viii. 
SOLATER, P. L., & Salvin, O. On Peruvian Birds collected by Mr. 
Whitely. Part viii. P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 677-680, pi. Ixxxiv. 
In continuation of former articles [Zool. Bee. x. p. 38]. 32 species 
enumerated, with critical remarks on 9 of them. ITinamidce.'] 
Sharpe, R. B. On the genus Todus. Ibis, 1874, pp. 344-355, pi. xiii. 
[Todidoi.'] 
Taczanowski, L. Description des oiseaux nouveaux de Perou central. 
P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 129-140, pis. xix.— xxi. {^Trochilidce, Fonnicariidoi^ 
PteroptochidcSj Dendrocolaptidce, Cotingidee, Tyrannidce, Ccerehidee, 
Troglodytidce, Tanagridce, Fringillidce.'] 
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Alix, E. Sur la determination du muscle long supinateur chez Ics 
Oiseaux. J. Zool. iii. pp. 21-25. 
After a comparison of the parts in various groups of Mammalia and 
Reptilia, the author admits the presence of a supinator longus muscle in 
birds, with the subjoined reservation. In Mammals, the long supinator 
has three kinds of insertion ; viz., to the proximal end of radius, to its 
distal end, and to the carpus or metacarpus. In the Crocodile, the two 
former obtain, and are named superior and inferior external supinators. 
In Lizards, there is a slight variation. In birds, the homologue of the 
upper Reptilian muscle is present, and, if that be regarded as the supinator 
longus in the latter, the same name is applicable in the case of birds. 
. Essai sur I’appareil locomoteur des Oiseaux. Paris: 1874. Pis. 
i.-iii. ; abstract in J. Zool. iii. pp. 476-481. 
Starting from a typical ideal of the locomotive apparatus in the verte- 
brate animals generally, the author endeavours to show what this becomes 
in birds. He discusses elaborately the anatomical structure of the Avian 
limbs, and specially those concerned in flight, comparing them with those 
of Reptilia and Mammalia, and examining the dilferent modes of 
aerial, aquatic, and terrestrial progression. Finally, from the anatomical 
facts, he traces out the theory of the bird’s movements. Notwithstand- 
■ ing visible resemblances in some respects to both Reptiles and certain 
Mammals, he regards the Avian group as a clearly defined type, with a 
special adaptation of function — flight — everything in a manner being 
subordinated thereto. Variability undoubtedly exists, but, according to 
the author, does not alter a certain persistence of, character, distinctive 
of the groups. He doubts the former existence of a veritable ancestral 
parent, with mutations in progeny arriving at the Avian form. 
