64 
AVES. 
OOLUMB^. 
Garrod, a. H. On some points in the Anatomy of the Columbae. 
P. Z. S. 1874, pp. 249-259. 
Differences in the number of the rectrices, the presence or absence of an 
oil gland, caeca, and ambiens muscle, form the basis of the author’s classi- 
fication of the Pigeons. Seven combinations of these structure are indi- 
cated. The Sand Grouse he regards as intimately related to, and a 
family of the Pigeons, as deduced from skeletal and muscular structures, 
irrespective of their long and voluminous caecal appendages. An ances- 
tral pigeon is assumed, whence the derivative stocks with their peculiari- 
ties. The most typical and least modified genera are Columba, Turtur^ 
Ectopistes, and Macropygia^ together with the family Pteroclidce: the 
latter, however, branching off in another direction. The subjoined classi- 
fication is offered : — 
Sub-Ord. COLUMBA. Schizorhinal birds with a characteristic ptery- 
losis, humerus head, and sternum, and the 4th gluteal muscle undeve- 
loped ; when present, a nude oil gland ; gall bladder generally absent. 
Fam. CoLUMBiD.®. Caeca never exceeding half an inch in length. 
Sub-fam. Columbine. Have an ambiens muscle, caeca, and oil 
gland j no gall bladder; 12 rectrices. Columba, Turtur, Macro- 
pygia, Ectopistes. 
Sub-fam. Phapin^e. With an ambiens muscle, but no caeca. 
Div. a. Oil gland present, no gall bladder. Chamcepelia, Metrio- 
pelia, Zenaida, Zenaidura (American), and Calcenas, Chalco- 
pelia, Tympanistria, OcypTiaps, Leucosaria, and Fkaps (Old 
World). 
Div. (i. Oil gland and gall bladder present. Carpophaga. 
Div. y. Accessory femoro-caudal muscle absent ; oil gland and gall 
bladder present. Lopholcemus. 
Div. S. Oil gland and gall bladder absent. Didunculus. 
Sub-fam. Treroninje. Wanting the ambiens muscle. 
Div. o. With caeca and oil gland, but no gall bladder. Phlogoinas. 
Div. With caeca ; without gall bladder and oil gland. Starnesnas. 
Div. y. With oil gland, but no caeca or gall bladder. Geopelia. 
Div. S. No caeca or oil gland (or very small one), and scutellated 
tarsi. Treron, Ptilonopus. 
Div. e. Neither caeca, oil gland, or gall bladder ; tarsi reticulate. 
Goura. . 
Fam. Pteroclidae. Columbee, with caeca exceeding half an inch long. 
Sub-fam. Pteroclina5. PterocUdee, with an ambiens muscle, a gall 
bladder, and oil gland. Pterocles and Syrrhaptes. 
OoLUMBIDAi). 
Columba rodericana, sp. n. (foss.), studied and named from a breast- 
bone obtained in the cavern ddbris of Rodriguez. The characters distin- 
guishing this bone are based on the size and obliquity of the sternal 
laminae, form of the lateral notches, and large oblique coracoidian 
