GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
123 
Subulina ; in the lower parts, several species of Buliminus are found, 
identical with Indian species ; these live also on the small islands of the 
Red Sea. Most of the submarine shells {Auriculiclxv) are also identical 
with Indian species. The genera and species of fresh-water shells of the 
African fauna prevail throughout the whole course of the Nile. Two 
peculiar species of Unio are known from Dembea Lake in Abyssinia. A 
new Valvata has been found in the Nile. Verh. L. C. Ak. xxxvii. 
pp. 299-318. 
4 . Western Asia. 
The land and fresh-water shells of the south-eastern corner of Asia 
Minor, of Northern Syria and Mesopotamia, as far as the Persian Gulf, 
have been treated at the same time by A. MoussoN, from the collec- 
tions made by Dr. A. Schlafli, in J. de Conch, xxii. pp. 1-60, and by 
E. V, Martens, from collections made by Prof. Hausknecht, in a separate 
treatise, “Ueber vorderasiatische Conchylien,’’ Cassel : 1874, 4to, 127 pp. 
9 pis. The first discusses 68, and the latter 42 species from those coun- 
tries, giving also an enumeration of all known species. The South 
European or Mediterranean fauna prevails of course on the sea coast, 
but characteristic representatives of it, e.g., Helix cincta and Stenogyra 
decollata, extend as far as Kurdistan. Most of the peculiar species of 
Northern Syria and Upper Mesopotamia are nearly allied to South 
European ones ; the most characteristic are Helix guttata (Oliv.) and 
Buliminus halepensis (Fer.). In Lower Mesopotamia and Babylonia, the 
fresh-water shells prevail much over the terrestrial ones ; many species 
are peculiar, others identical with those of Palestine ; the most remark- 
able are some large species of Margaritana, two species of Isidora near 
to or identical with those of Egypt, and Bulimus samavensis (Mouss.), 
which is probably not distinct from the Indo-African B. coenopictus. 
The known land and fresh-water Mollusks of Western Asia, from the 
Caucasus to Palestine and Southern Persia, are enumerated with some 
critical notes by the Recorder, Vorderasiatische Conchylien, pp, 47-69 ; 
those collected by Prof. Hausknecht in Mesopotamia and elsewhere, 
described, tom. cit. pp. 1-37, and the scanty materials of the known mala- 
colcgical fauna of Asia Minor discussed, pp. 39 & 40. 
Turkestan. The Mollusks collected by the late Prof. Alexis Fedchenko 
have been described in that traveller’s work [swprd, p. 114], by the Re- 
corder ; they are 29 terrestrial and 21 fresh- water species, besides those 
known from Lake Aral, which are also enumerated : some of them are 
well known European species, as Hyalina nitida and fulva. Helix costata, 
Cionella luhrica. Pupa muscorum, Vertigo antivertigo, Succinea putris and 
pfeifferi, and several species of Limnoca ; and these live not only in the 
cultivated regions, but also in the mountains {Pupa muscorum, for ex- 
ample, has been found at a height of 9500 feet). Helix derhentina is the 
only species of the group Xerophila. Some species of Buliminus and the 
genus Macrochlamys are representatives of the Himalayan fauna. 17 
terrestrial and 8 fresh-water shells are hitherto only known from Tur- 
kestan. \Cf. Zool, Rec. vii. p. 24.] A list of all species known from 
