534 
PROTOZOA. 
Carter (6) has also observed some stages of the evolution of Grantia 
compressa, and describes them in almost the same manner ; when issuing 
from the body of the parent, the embryo is ciliated on the larger portion 
of the body, but has at the posterior extremity (regarded wrongly by 
Hiickol as the anterior) a group of large non -ciliated cells, by means 
of. which the young sponge is probably ultimately fixed. In Ilalinarca 
lobularis, the egg is described in all its stages of duplicative sub- 
division until it issues as a ciliated embryo, rotating with the papillary 
projection turned forwards ; at the posterior end, a group of “ root-cells ” 
is developed, apparently as the continuation of an inner (endodermal ?) 
layer. The free swimming embryo of Halichondria simulans has a 
similar shape, ciliation, &c., but is further provided with a posterior 
circle of large flagella, just before the terminal ring or bunch of large 
cells ; it contains only few spicula, while these are present in all shapes, 
characteristic of the species, in the still encysted embryo of Esperia ccga- 
gropila. An intermediate stage, in which the large posterior cilia are 
still present, though the general ciliary covering has been lost and the 
group of “ rooting cells ” transformed into a basal attaching portion, 
leads to the last stage, the young but perfect sponge, in which the 
increasing development of the spicules elevates the investing membrane, 
a vent is formed, &c. 
A note byE. U. L an rest eh on “the mode of occurrence of chlorophyll 
in Spongilla,'* Q. J. Micr. Sci. xiv. pp. 400 & 401. 
Glassification, Genera, and Sijecies. 
J. E. Gray (8) has published a new edition of his Sponge System. 
Leucandra cyathus^ Ascortis clarki, Leucosolenia (^Ascaltis) cancellata, 
spp. nn., Yerrill, P. Am. Ass. 1873, pp. 392 & 393 (Casco Bay). 
Higgin (10) describes the spicular skeleton of a specimen of Euplec- 
tella aspergillum^ in which it was only rigid at the base, but rather soft 
and yielding throughout the rest, the “ vitreous ” matter, in which the 
spicules are imbedded in the rigid portion, not being developed. The 
specimen perhaps represents the juvenile condition of the species, but 
all the specimens dredged by the “ Challenger ” off Cape St. Vincent 
wore of the same kind. 
Halichondria machintoshi, Bowerbank, Ann. N. H. (4) xiii. p. 144 
(St. Andrews); i/. simulans (Bbk.), Carter (6), p. 331: II. abyssi,sp.n., 
Carter (5), p. 245, pis. xiv. figs. 26-28, xv. fig. 40, and H. forcipis^ sp. n., 
iW. Z. c. p. 246, pis. xiv. figs. 29-32, xv. fig. 41 (between Scotland and 
Faero). 
Jlalisarca lobularis^ Schm., Carter (3), pp. 434 & 435. 
Halispongia ventriculoides {Spongia otahitica, Esper), Bowerbank (1), 
p. 301, pi. xlvii. figs. 1 & 2 (Otaheite), according to the author, nearly allied 
to the fossil Ventriculites radiatus, Mantell j II. mantelli, id. 1. c. p. 303, 
pi. xlvii. figs. 3 & 4 (South Sea). 
Geodia carinata, id. 1. c. p. 298, pi. xlvi. figs. 1-5 (South Sea ) ; G. imper- 
fecta., id. 1. c, p. 299, pi. xlvi. fig. 6 ; G. reticulata, id. 1. c. p. 300, pi. xlvi. 
figs. 14-20 (Mexico). 
