Il8 MOLLUSCA. 
Woodward, H. The Pearly Nautilus, Cuttlefish, and their allies. 
Stud. iv. 1870, pp. 1-14), 241-249, with 4 plates. 
Woodward, S. P. Manuel de Conchyliologie. 2nde edition, 
augmentee par 11. Tate et traduito par A. IIumdert. 
Paris : 1870, 8 vo, 297 woodcuts and 23 pis. 
Of Oonchological Journals for 1870 a complete volume has appeared of the 
Malakozoologische Blattery Nachrichtshlatb cler deutschen Mahikozoologischen 
Gesellschaftj and Bulletino malacologico Italiano. Only the first three parts 
of the American Journal of Conchology^ the first two of the Journal de Con- 
chyliologie, and the first three of the Annales de Malacologie. The volume of 
the Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique for 1870 has not appeared 
up to the present time (30th .Tune, 1871) j but the volumes for 1808 and 1809, 
which were not fully noticed in former ‘ llecords,’ are now included. 
THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
Anatomy and Morphology, 
The starting-point of Lacaze-Duthiers^s researches on the 
morphology of Mollusca (/. c.) is the development of Ancylus. 
He distinguishes three principal parts of the body, viz. the head, 
the foot, and the visceral sac, which is enveloped by the mantle. 
There are four principal ganglia, viz. tlie stomato- gastric, the 
cerebroid, the pedal, and a fourth group composed of five 
ganglia, which he calls branchio-cardio-pallio-genital, or, for 
brevity's sake, the median or inferior centre of the nervous 
system. Each fold of the common ij^tegument, which receives 
nerves from this centre, is to be teri»i^ mantle — for example 
the shield of Limax and Avion, but not the lateral lobes of 
Aplysia, which belong really to the foot (C. R. 18G9, p. 1344; 
Ann. N. II. v. p. 383). — l4ie asymmetry of the Gastropods 
extends only to the fourth of the aforesaid groups and to the parts 
influenced by it ; and the author endeavours to explain the diffe- 
rent situation of the subordinate ganglia belonging to this centre 
in various orders by supposing a torsion of the whole system in 
the Pectinibranchiata and in Cyclostoma. In similar manner, 
also, the normal position of the gill is on the right ; but in the 
Pectinibranchiata a part of the mantle which should be typically 
on the right is thus transported to the left, and with it the gill. 
The Lamellibranchiata are morphologically the most simple and 
therefore most easy to be understood among the Mollusks ; 
Anodonta is taken as an example. The upper or buccal adductor 
muscle is in all Bivalves above the mouth ; the anal orifice in 
all behind and below the inferior or anal adductor ; the visceral 
mass with the foot is in all Bivalves separated by the mouth 
from the anterior adductor, and situated between the mouth 
and the posterior adductor. This suffices to prove that in the 
Mommy aria the anal muscle is present (as was long ago urged 
