THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
119 
by Cuvier and Oken), but the buccal has disappeared and is not 
united with the other. The author assumes the mouth to be 
situated upwards and the hinge backwards, which is at variance 
with the real situation of most Bivalves and with modern usage. 
C. E. 1870, pp. 43-4G, 102-105. 
The observations of Trosciiel, Quoy, and especially Pancert, on the 
secretion of free sulphuric acid in the salivary glands of some Gastropods 
belonging to the families CassicUdcB, RaiieUidcc, and Tleurohrancliidce (cf, Zool. 
Eec. vi. p. 615), are recapitulated in Am, ,T. Sc. (2) xix. pp. 420-422. 
The anatomical researches of W. II. Ball concerning Patella^ Siplionaria, 
Gadina, and Pom^yJiolyx, of C. Semper concerning Nanina and allied genera, 
and of E. Bergh concerning Trihoniojdiorus and Philomyais will be mentioned 
in the special part. 
C. Semper insists that the usual term epidermis for the outer coat of many 
shells is wrong, as it is not formed by cells, and proposes the term cuticula 
for it. Eeis. Arch. Philipp, iii. p. G. 
Monstrosities. 
Albino or hyaline varieties of various species are noticed. Albinos of 
Helix yrisca, L., = cincta^ Miill., observed by l)r. Martinati to produce 
normal offspring. E. de Betta, Moll. prov. Veron. pp. GO, Gl. — Albino of 
Limneea auricularia (L.), E. v. d. Broeck, Ann. mal. Belg. iv. 18G9, p. 90. 
Eoffiaen has unsuccessfully tried to produce artificially ^palaroid varieties 
by applying gypsum to the aperture of living species of Helix during their 
growth. Ann. mal. Bcdg. iii. (18G8) pp. Ixxxii-lxxxiv. V 
Subscalaroid specimens of Ciausilia nigricans are noticed by E. v. d. Broeck, 
Ann. mal. Belg. iv. 18G9, p. 81. — Sinistral specimen of Planorhis complanatus 
(h.) [marginahis'], the keel being likewise at the under angle, observed 
by the same, /. c. p. 83, pi. 2. fig. 1. 
Lanistes ovum, Peters, with a pale yellow band, beginning at tke trace of a 
former fracture, and becoming more and more indistinct in th^ progress of 
growth. Martens, Nachr. mal. Ges. li. p. 126. i 
Nassa reticidata, Natica monilifera and nitida are sometimes irregularly 
prolonged at their aperture by a colony of Hydractinice occupying their sur- 
face, while their cavity is tenanted by Pagurus hernhardus. Colbeau, Ann. 
mal. Belg. iii. p. Ixi. [Such shells are very common on the shores of Holland 
and Sleswick. Puccinum undatum is sometimes similarly deformed.] 
GEOGEAPHICAL DISTEIBUTION. 
a. Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 
I. Northern and Central Europe, 
Great Britain. Helix personata, Lam., now to the United Kingdom, 
occurs in Ireland. .Tcfircys, Ann. N. II. (4) vi. p. 42.3. 
A list of (26) land and (12) freshwater shells observed in the Isle of Wight 
in the summer of 1869 is published by Leconte, Ann. mal. Belg. iv. (18G9) 
pp. Ixi-lxvi ; the most remarkable is Helix acuta (Miill.). 
Germany. C. Kreglinger (/. c.) gives a very complete list of 
books and papers bearing on the subject, and enumerates the 
