HYM>ENOPTERA. 413 
Includes descriptions of new species, and remarks upon several 
known ones, belonging to the family Formicidce. 
Mayr, Gustav L. Diagnosen neuer und wenig gekannter For- 
miciden. Verhandl. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, Band xvi. 
pp. 885-908, Tafel 20 (read October 3, 1866). 
Morawitz, August. Einige Bemerkungen uber die Crabro- 
artigen Hymenopteren. Bull. Acad. Sci. de St. Petersb. 
tome ix. pp. 243-273 : January 20, 1866. 
Contains a discussion of the generic or subgeneric groups to ' 
be admitted among the true Crahrones, with descriptions of 10 
new species, nearly all Russian or Siberian. 
Newman, Edward. A Chapter on Galls. Entomologist, vol. hi. 
pp. 169-173. 
Packard, A. S. Observations on the Development and Position 
of the Hymenoptera, with Notes on the Morpliology of In- 
sects. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. x. pp. 279-296 cum 
jigg. Reprinted in Annals & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. 
vol. xviii. pp. 82-99. 
In this valuable paper the author describes the later portion 
of the development of Bombus ferviduSy and discusses the conse- 
quences of his observations upon our conceptions of the structure 
of the Plymenoptera, and of their relations to other orders of 
insects. It appears from his investigation that at least three 
changes of form, accompanied by sheddings of the skin, take 
place between tlie adult larval condition and the perfect state in 
this insect. Two of these Packard regards as stages of the 
semipupa,'’^ which is formed within the skin of the larva, and 
on its emergence presents a considerable change in the nature of 
the cephalic and thoracic segments, with rudiments of the ap- 
pendages of those segments ; whilst the abdomen retains nearly 
its larval form, except that the stigma of the fifth (or first abdo- 
minal) segment has become linear and closely approximated to 
the posterior margin of the third thoracic segment. In the se- 
cond stage of the semipupa the head and thorax approach more 
nearly to their form in the pupa, and exhibit a certain increase 
in size and a somewhat greater perfection in the development of 
their appendages ; but the most remarkable change consists in 
the transfer of the first abdominal segment, marked by its linear 
stigma, to the back of the thoracic region. At the same time 
the three terminal rings of the abdomen have become absorbed 
and partially enclosed within the cavity of the abdomen, but the 
abdominal stigmata are still exposed. The third form is the 
well-known pupa. In some speeimens presenting a general re- 
semblance to the pupa, but having the integuments chitinized, 
the wings as large as in the perfect Bee, the joints of the legs 
spiny, and the ovipositor entirely withdrawn within the abdomen, 
