G21 
ZOOLOGICAL LlTEllATUIlE. 
h. Structures in which the outer and inner body -layers are united to- 
gether (as in the challicy skeletons of the Madrepores). • 
All these different forms of skeletons are described in detail. 
Verrill has published (Proc. Post. Soc. N. II. vol. x.) a list of the Polyps 
and Corals of Panama, which he prefaces with some remarks on the general 
character of the Actinozoarian fauna of that region. lie says that Coral-reefs 
occur at Aspinwall, containing the same species as those of Florida and the 
West Indies ; hut at Panama, on the other side of the isthmus, none of these 
corals are found, and the only genus common to the two shores is Porites. 
Millepora is represented by Pocillopora. On the western coast of America 
generally no true Coral-reefs occur. The other true Corals and the Gorgonidce 
exhibit a corresponding difference ; and Verrill observes that these facts do 
not favour the theory entertained by some geologists, of the existence, in com- 
paratively recent geological times, of a communication between the two oceans 
at this point, through which the Gulf-stream flowed. lie adduces further 
evidence in support of the view that no great change has taken place in these 
regions since the commencement of the Tertiary period, from the correspon- 
dence in type of the living forms with those of the Eocene and Miocene de- 
posits, and refers especially to the proof of uniform action derived from the 
long-continued growth of the West-Indian Coral-reefs, 
Verrill (Proc. Post. Soc. N. H. x.) discusses the geogi-aphical distribution 
of the Actinozoa of the coast of New England, and gives the following list 
of the species, arranged under the three faunas to which he considers them to 
belong (see p. 615) : — 
Virginian Fauna: — Astrangia dance (Ag.), Zoanthus americanus (Verr.), 
Sagartia, 2 n. sp., Metridium marginatum (Edw. »& II.), Actinia ? rapiformis 
(Les.), Halocampa albida (Ag.), Ilyanthus ? neglectus (Leidy), Peachia ^mra-^ 
silica (Verr.), Gorgonia {Leptog.) tenuis (Verr.). 
Acadian Fauna : — Bunodes Stella (Verr.), Phodactinia davisii (Ag.), 3fe- 
tridium marginatum (Edw. & II.), Ilganthus Icevis (Verr.), Bdioardsia sipun- 
cidoides (Stimps.), E. sulcata (Verr.), Arachnactis hrachiolata (Ag.), Peachia 
parasitica (Verr.), and Alcyonium carneum (Ag.). 
Syrtensian Fauna: — Phodactinia davisii (Ag.), Metridium marcjinatum 
(Edw. & H.), Paragorgia arhorea (Edw. & H.), Primnoa reseda (Verr.) = /e- 
padifera (Lamx.), and Alcymiium ruhiforme (Dana). 
Alcyonaria. 
Kolliker gives the following classification of the Alcyonaria 
(/. c. p. 131) 
Family I. ALCYONIDJ]: (M.-E.). 
Subfani. 1. Cornulariada3 (M.-E.). 
Genera : — 1, Clavularia (Q. k G.). 2. Anthelia (Sav.). 3. Phizoxenia • 
(Ehr.). 
Subfam. 2. Alcyonin^. 
Genera : — 1. Alcycmium (L.). 2. Ammothea (Sav.). 3. Xenia (Sav.). 
4. Nephthya (Sav.). 5. Spoggodes (Less.). 
Family II. PENNATULID^E (M.-E.). 
Genera : — 1. Funicidina (Lam.). 2. Pennatula (L.). 3. Pteroeides 
(Herkl.). 4. Veretillum (Cuv.). 5. Cavernularia (Val.). 6. Pe^ 
nilla (Lam.). 
