10 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
extremity of the body and abbreviation of its posterior portion 
is a mark of elevation ; the transfer of the anterior members of 
the thorax to the cephalic series is the foundation of rank among 
the orders of Crustaceans. In the Mammals two is the pre- 
vailing number of pairs of locomotive organs; and when there 
is a transfer of the anterior of these two from the locomotive to 
the cephalic series, there is evidence of a distinction of the very 
highest significance, of an extreme cephalization of the system, 
which places Man apart from the whole series of Mammals. — 
The other Mammals are either true viviparous species, or semi- 
oviparous (Marsupials and Monotremes), the latter being related 
to oviparous Vertebrates. 
The viviparous Mammals (exclusive of Man) may be divided 
according to the same principle as Crustaceans, viz., according 
to ^^the magnitude of the life-system.^^ In one group, the 
Megasthenes y the life-system is so much more powerfully and 
bulkily developed than in the other, the MicrostheneSy that the 
lineal ratio between the life-systems of both groups is not far 
from 4:1, as between the Decapodes and Tetradecapodes. 
Some species of the second division are of great bulk, as for 
instance the ancient Sloths ; but this is an example of vegetative 
overgrowth ; for the bodies of the Sloths, great and small, are, in 
fact, too bulky to be wielded well by the small life-system 
within. The classification indicated is, then, as follows ; 
I. Archontia (vel Dipoda) — Man (alone). 
II. Megasthena. 
1. Quadrumana. 
2. Carnivora. 
3. Herbivora. 
4. Mutilata (Cetaceans proper) . 
III. Microsthena. 
1. Chiroptera. 
2. Insectivora. 
3. Uodentia. 
4. Bruta (Edentata). 
ly. OOTOCOIDEA. 
1. Marsupialia. 
2. Monotremata. 
It is evident that the author has intended to exhibit a paral- 
lelism between the tribes of the second and third subdivisions, 
the tribes of both series rising in grade from the fourth to the 
first on the principles of cephalization. The first is properly 
hypertypiCy the second superior typicaly the third inferior typicaly 
and the fourth hypotypic. 
As regards the HerbivoreSy they show their inferiority to the 
Carnivores in the following ways: — 1. In the fore limbs being 
defunctionated of the power of prehension, and reduced to simple 
locomotive organs. 2. In the fore limbs being not so much 
superior to the hind limbs in strength as in the Carnivores, and 
even inferior to the hind limbs in some species, — Herbivores 
