156 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
Pacific coast of Panama j Antennarius gorammsu^ sp. n., Bleeker, Nederl. 
Tydschr. Dierk. 1864; p. 177; from Goramj ^Antennarius UodermUj sp. n., 
Bleekei; ibid., p. 178; from Amboyna. 
'i Chironectes niger^ sp. n.; Garrett; Proc. Oalif. Acad. Nat. Sc. iii. p. 107, 
from the Sandwich Islands. Black j on the basal portion of the dorsal and 
anal fins may be observed two large ocellationS; with deep-black pupils. Very 
minute opaque white points scattered along the lower parts. [Perhaps iden- 
tical with Antennarius melas, Blkr.] 
/ COTTID^. 
I 
I TVigla. M. Armand Aloreau has shown, experimentally; 
/ that the sound produced by the Gurnards is under the in- 
fluence of nerves ; the experiments have been made on Trigla 
\ hirundo ; — 
The muscles of the air-bladder are transversely striated, and receive from 
the spinal marrow two thick nerves, the origin of which is below the 
pneumogastric nerves, close to that of the first dorsal pair. The mucous 
membrane of the air-bladder forms a kind of diaphragm which divides its 
interior into two cavities communicating with each other by a circular cen- 
tral foramen like that of the pupil. This diaphragm is thin and semitrans- 
parent, and contains radiating fibres and concentric circular fibres situated 
round the opening and forming a sphincter : both kinds of these muscular 
fibres are smooth, not striated. A similar arrangement is found in Zeus faher, 
in which the air-bladder receives its nerves from three spinal pairs. 
M. Moreau divided by a transverse cut, the spinal marrow of a Gurnard 
above the dorsal region, and having opened the abdominal cavity, and applied 
a feeble electric current to the nerves going to the air-bladder, he at once 
produced the characteristic sounds. He applied the same current to the 
muscles of the air-bladder, but without result ; but after the intensity of the 
current had been increased, the sounds were heard again. He then cut off* a 
part of the lower portion of the air-bladder so as to expose the diaphragm to 
view, and again galvanized the nerves j he very distinctly saw the diaphragm 
vibrating during the whole time of the application of the current, but no 
sound was produced under these circumstances. ; Compt. Bend. 1864, ii. p. 436. . 
Cottus gohio. Hr. Malmgren (Wiegm. Arch. 1864, p. 272) denies that the 
rays of the ventral fins are forked in Scandinavian specimens. The Recorder 
has found them forked in specimens from the Gotha Biver (Fish. ii. p. 156). 
Therefore this character appears to vary. 
Coitus quadricomis. According to Hr. Malmgren this species properly be- 
longs to the Arctic fauna, extending from the White Sea along the northern 
shores of Asia and America to Melville Island and to the Coppermine Biver j 
it is found also in Lake Ladoga, in the Finnish Gulf, and in Lake Wettern, 
but not in the southern parts of the Baltic, or in the German and Atlantic 
Oceans, except on the British coasts, where it has dragged on a miserable exist- 
ence from the time of the Glacial period. Although the author has not had an 
opportunity of comparing British specimens with Finnish, he has reason to 
believe that the former are merely a degenerate variety of the Arctic type. 
Wiegm. Arch. 1864, p. 276. 
