328 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
INSECTA 
BY 
W. S. Dallas, F.L.S., M.E.S. 
THE GENERAL SUBJECT. 
A. Separate Works. 
Frauenpeld, Georg von. Das Vorkommen des Parasitismus 
im Tliier- und Pllanzeiireiche. Als Festschrift ziir 50-jahri- 
gen Jubelfeier der naturforschendeii Gesellschaft in Emden. 
Vienna, 1864, 8vo, pp. 32. 
This memoir contains a cursory exposition of the phenomena 
of parasitism in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, in which 
Insects of course play an important part. Nevertheless the 
author excludes from his idea of parasites many animals which 
we are accustomed to refer to that category ; a true parasite, in 
his conception, is an organism which lives in or upon some other 
organism and cannot survive the destruction of tliis individual, 
except after attaining a certain degree of matui’ity. In this way 
a multitude of so-called parasitic insects, as, for instance, the 
whole of the Mallophaga and true Lice, are excluded, and the 
term parasite is applied only to those forms in which the depen- 
dance of the infesting organism upon that infested by it is of the 
closest nature. Amongst insects, Frauenfeld cites, as examples 
of true parasites, the various gall- producing forms of Hyme- 
noptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, &c. as parasitic upon plants ; the 
(Esirida as parasites upon the higher animals ; and the Tachinidee 
and many other forms of Diptera, the Strepsipteraj Meloe, &c. 
among Coleoptera, and the Ichneumonidee among Hymenoptera as 
parasitic upon other insects. Of the history of all these forms, 
and of the relations of parasites to the general system of nature, 
the author gives an account which, although slight, is highly 
interesting. 
Glaser, L. Naturgeschichte der Insekten mit besonderer 
Beriicksichtigung der bei uns einheimischen. Fur die 
gebildete Jugend hoherer Lehranstalten, sowie uberhaupt 
^r Naturfreunde. Frankfurt, 1864, pp. 320. 
Of the second edition of this book, which the Recorder has 
