484 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
General notes : — Rhopalocera. 
Bates (Journ of Entom. ii. p. 176) proposes the following 
classification of the Rhopalocera in families and subfainUies : — 
Family 1. Nymph alid^. Front legs imperfect in both sexes ; in the 2 
wanting the tarsal claws j in cf the fore tarsi quite rudimentary, consisting 
of one or two spineless joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. 
a. Lower disco -cellular nervule of hind wing perfect. 
Subfam. 1. Danainee. Larvae smooth, with fleshy processes. Fore- wing 
submedian nervure double at its origin. 
Subfam. 2. Satyrince. Larvae with bifid tails, spineless. Palpi of imago 
generally compressed and fringed with long hair-scales. 
Subfam. 3. Brassolince. Larvae generally with bifid tails, spineless. 
Hind wing with a prediscoidal cell. 
Subfam. 4. Act'ceince. Larvae with branched spines. Palpi of imago 
thick and scantily clothed with hair. 
Subfam. 6 . Heliconince. Larvae with branched spines. Palpi of imago 
clothed with fine scales, hairy in front. 
b. Lower disco -cellular nervule, at least of hind wing, more or less 
atrophied. 
Subfam. 6. NymphaUnce. 
Family 2. Ebycinid.®. Six perfect legs in $ j in cf four, the anterior 
tarsi of one or two joints and spineless. 
Subfam. 1. Lihythmnce. Pupa suspended freely by the tail. 
Subfam. 2. Stalachtw^. Pupa secured rigidly by the tail in an inclined 
position without girdle. 
Subfam. 3. Erycmince. Pupa recumbent on a leaf or other object, 
secured by the tail and a girdle across the middle. 
Family 3. Lycjenidje. Six perfect legs in $ j in d* four, the anterior 
tarsi wanting one or both of the claws, but densely spined beneath. Pupa 
secured by the tail and a median girdle. 
Family 4. Papilionidje. Six perfect legs in both sexes. Pupa secured 
by the tail and a median girdle. 
Subfam. 1. Pierince. Abdominal margin of hind wings not cuiwed in- 
wards. 
Subfam. 2. PapilionincB. Abdominal margin of hind wdngs curving in- 
wards. 
Family 5. Hespebidje. Six perfect legs in both sexes ; hind tibice 
generally with two pairs of spurs. Pupa secured by many threads, or 
enclosed in a slight cocoon. 
Herrich-Schaffer has commenced (Corresp.-Blatt zooL- 
mineral. Ver. Regensb. 1864) an analytical classification of the 
Lepidoptera on the model of his well-known 'Nomenclator 
Entomologicus.^ The instalment published in 1864 relates 
exelusively to the Diurnal Lepidoptera, and contains an ana- 
lytical table of the families (sixteen in number) into which 
H.-Schafl[er divides the Rhopalocera, similar tables of the genera 
