MAMMALIA. ID 
QUADUUMANA. . 
^ • * • 
Mr. MivaRt lia^ entered into a detailed examination of the 
vertebral column of Qnadrumana/ Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866^ 
pp. 545-592; and we have to refer to this anatomical paper 
here because the author has applied the results of his study to 
the determination of the natural affinities of the groups. The 
])apcr (illustrated by woodcuts) is divided into two parts : in the 
first the several portions of the axial skeleton are treated of; and 
in the second the vertebral peculiarities of each group or genus 
examined are summed up. The author himself gives the follow- 
ing as the results of his examinations 
The Primates present us (as regards their vertebral column only) with four 
principal types of structure, well represented, respectively, by (1) Simia^ (2) 
Cercopithceus, (3) Nycticehis, and (4) the first having, however, many 
points in common with the third, and the second with the fourth ; so that 
the affinities between the various groups of the order (as regards their spinal 
characters) may he represented under the symbol of a tree (see fig.)* The 
trunk of such a tree divides into two main branches,— one of them representing 
the forms possessing few caudal vertebrae, an elongated tapeiifig sacriun, 
inconspicuous metapophyses or anapophyses, neural spines of trunk nearly 
