56 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
rostres, and TenmrostreSy and the order Hiantes. The portion 
we have to deal with includes the orders Columbini, Cr acini y and 
Gallinaceiy grouped in a^^Reihe^^ as RasoreSyihQ orders Cursoriiy 
Gallinogr alias y and Herodice similarly grouped as VadanteSy and 
Natator'cs comprehending the orders Anseriniy Macropteriy and 
Peropteri. Dr. Fitzinger further divides his orders into families 
(of which he gives the characters at some length)^ genera^ and^ 
we imagine, suhgencra, and appends to eacli of the last tlic name 
of the type-species. Classification, in ornithology at least, is, 
now-a-days, so much a matter of opinion, that it hardly seems 
necessary for us to pass judgment upon Dr. FitzingeFs. We 
have briefly indicated its chief peculiarities. 
Hutton, F. W. Notes on some of the Birds inhabiting the 
Southern Ocean. Ibis, 1865, pp. 276-298. 
These valuable notes are the results of personal observations 
made during seven voyages round the Cape of Good Hope, and 
from information obtained by the authors friends. They refer 
to Chionis minor y Lestris catarrhactes y and many species of 
Procellariidce. The inordinate number of ocean-birds found in 
cold regions may be accounted for by the fact that the lower 
plants, and consequently the lower animals, are there more 
abundant. Captain Hutton tlicu notices the phenomenon of re- 
presentative species in the two hemispheres, and considers it 
probable that the northern species crossed the equator from the 
south during a glacial period, after which they have varied through 
isolation. The form of the beak in the Procellariidce y he thinks, 
marks their close resemblance to, and perhaps their descent from, 
the Lestres. Their prolonged nostrils he considers due to the 
fact of all crepuscular birds having some organs more highly de- 
veloped than usual, and the species which take their prey under 
water have the tubes not so prolonged. The author^s experience 
is against the belief that birds follow ships incessantly for very 
great distances. He then passes on to consider the manner of 
flight in Diomedeay and difters from the opinion uttered by Dr. 
Bennett on that subject. The act of sailing,^^ in particular, 
is performed by the bird^s momentum, acted upon by the 
wind according to known mechanical laws. {Of, Ibis, 1865, 
p. 527.) 
Jaeckel, Joii. Ueber Schnabcl-Missbildungen verschiedener 
Vogel. Zool. Garten, 1865, pp. 133-138, and 175-179. 
The first article consists of a list of nineteen species in which 
malformation in the bill of birds has been observed, with refer- 
ences to the authors by whom the instances have been recorded. 
In the second the author endeavours to account for the origin 
of these monstrosities. 
