38Q 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
yellow, and red colours of the latter^ at least, are soluble in 
acetic acid. The orange pigment of Papilio machaoTi resists 
acetic acid. 
Lindemann, Karl. Notizen zur Lehre vom Ausseren Ske- 
lete der Insekten. (Gelenke und Muskeln der Ftisse.) 
Ibid. pp. 426-432, Taf. 9. 
In this paper the author puts forward the notion that the 
term external skeleton applied to the hardened integument 
of arthropod animals must be given up, as he has made out, and 
proves here, from an examination of the structure of the leg in 
the larva of Lampyris noctiluca, that the muscles of the limbs 
are really inserted upon the outer surface of the joints they are 
intended to move. The author does not seem to the Recorder 
to have explained very clearly the relations of the muscles to 
the thin membranes closing the articulations in Insects and 
other Arthropoda*; but under any circumstances the term -^ex- 
ternal skeleton is still perfectly applicable to their integu- 
ments, the hardened portions of which undoubtedly both enclose 
the muscles, and furnish their attachments, in contradistinc- 
tion to the internal skeleton, clothed with muscles, of the 
Vertebrata. 
. Zoologische Skizzen. Ibid, part ii. pp. 621-560, Taf. 
9 & 10. 
la this paper the author discusses the structure and functions of the fatty 
body” of insects, and shows that Fabre’s views as to the latter are founded 
upon erroneous observations. According to Lindemann, the fatty body serves 
for the formation of certain organs, of which he mentions the generative or- 
gans, the tracheae, the sericteria, ^nd the Malpighian tubes. He says that its 
cells also produce blood-corpuscles from their nuclei (/. c. pp. 621-626). The 
seiicteria of some larvae of Lepidoptera become converted, according to Lin- 
demann, into the lateral stems of the tracheal system (/. g. pp. 626-628). The 
metamorphosis of Coccinella -punctata takes place, according to Lindemann 
(/. c. pp. 628-531), in the following remarkable manner : — The larva, having 
selected its station, adheres firmly by its feet, brings its anal extremity down 
nearly to the feet, and then throws off its head. After three or four days* 
rest, two clavate tubercles make their appearance on the ventral surface, which 
are^ seen to consist of the chitinous skin of the larva with a solid cellular cord. 
The apices of these become dilated until they form laminm, when two similar 
but much more delicate tubercles appear beneath them. At the same time 
six small excrescences appear behind these, three on each side of the 
belly of the larva. A globular enlargement is formed a little above the 
anus. The laminar form of the first two pairs increases, and tracheae are pro- 
duced in them \ they are the future elytra and wings. The other three pairs 
* In a subsequent paper, On the structure of the skeleton in the Coleo- 
ptera,*’ he explains tliat this membrane is exterior to the insertions of the 
muscles ; hence the points of insertion must be regarded as situated upon 
internal processes of the hardened chitinous integument. 
