662 ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
Soc. Phil. iv. pp. 331-380j Osten-Sacken cites the characters of 
Hartig^s genera of true Gall-flies {Pse?iides) and adds those of 
the genera established by Giraud. He remarks that, of the nu- 
merous North American species, comparatively few will enter 
into the genera established by European authors, so that it will 
eventually be necessary to form new genera for the American 
types coordinate to Hartig’s genera CynipSj AndricuSj Neuro- 
ttruSy Bpathey aster f and TrigonaspisP Osten-Sacken accepts 
Walsh^s view of the dimorphism of those species in which an 
agamous form occurs. He remarks on many points connected 
with the natural history of the American species of Cynips 
(sens. lat.)j of which he characterizes 42 in an analytical table 
(pp. 344-346). He also gives a descriptive table of the galls 
produced, or supposed to be produced,, by species of Cynips on 
various species of oaks (pp. 347-350), and accompanies these 
tables with some supplementary remarks illustrative of various 
points in the natural history of these insects and elucidative of 
their synonymy. Two new species of Cynips are described in 
this section of the paper. 
Osten-Sacken also characterizes the genera AidaXj CeroptreSy 
and SynergiiSy and quotes Forster's description of his genus 
Phanacis. The latter appears to include no American species. 
All the American species of the three other genera, as far as the 
author is aware, are inquilines. Of the genus Atdax, Osten- 
Sacken cites 4 known species ; Ceroptres includes 6 described 
species, and Bynergus 7, 2 of which are described as new. The 
known species of the last-mentioned genus are characterized. 
Cynips aptera was found in considerable numbers running on the snow 
hear Autun on the 24ih Januaiy, 1865. See Laboulbene in Bull. Soc. Ent. 
Fr. 1865, p. V. 
Count d’Esterno records his having found great quantities of Cynips aptera 
alive upon new fallen snow in Januaiy 1865. Eev. et Mag. do Zool. 1865, 
p. 134. Gu4rin-M<5ueville, on the occasion of this note, gives a short account 
of the history of our knowledge of Cynips aptei'a, with some remarks on those 
specimens which he has had the opportunity of observing. He remarks that 
A^hstwood’a name Biorhisa, which has the priority of Ilartig’s Apophyllusy 
cannot be applied to several species of the genus to which C. aptera belongs, 
and proposes for it that of Heterolius. L. c. pp. 136-141. 
Bond has called attention to a rose-like gall found on willows near Cam- 
bridge (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 85) j and Peacock (Athenamm, 18th March 
1865, and Proc. Ent. Soc. p. 88) cites several passages from old writers, 
showing how such phenomena were observed and misunderstood by our 
forefathers. Saunders has also indicated the characters of some galls col- 
lected in Syria by Lowne (Proc. Ent. Soc. 1865, p. 89). 
Erauenfield describes a peculiar gall on the leaf of the large-leafed lime tree 
( Tilia yrandifolia). It contains a yellow larva ; but the perfect insect is still 
unknown. Verh. isool.-bot. Ces. in Wien, xy. pp. 535-536. 
