710 
ZOOLOGICAL LITERATURE. 
Anoplura. 
When Burmeister published Nitzsch^s drawings of the mouth 
in the Lice^ Erichson declared them to be erroneous,, and de- 
scribed the mouth as possessing mandibles and palpi. Simon 
adopted this view^ as does Landois (Zeitschr. fiir wiss. Zool. xiv.), 
who explains the supposed occurrence of phthiriasis by repre- 
senting the Lice as eating their way through the skin. In con- 
firmation of his views,, he cites some cases published by Gaulke. 
Upon these Schjodte remarks (Naturh. Tidsskr. Srdser. vol. iii. 
p. 48), and shows that they really prove nothing, not even that 
the Lice had anything to do with the diseases manifested in the 
cases referred to. Schjbdte then discusses the descriptions of 
the mouth in the Lice given by Erichson, Simon, and Landois, 
and points out the discrepancies and the incompatibility of the 
structure described in them with what we know of the consti- 
tution of the mouth of an insect. The true structure as described 
by Schjodte is as follows : — 
The lower lip, which is capable of being retracted within the head, is of a 
tubular form, and has numerous small hooks surrounding its margin, 
which are everted and recurved when the lip (haustellum) is fully pro- 
truded. From this haustellum the delicate setiform mandibles and maxilloe 
(the former said to be united by a fine membrane, which forms a closed 
tube) can be pushed forth to a considerable length, so that, as Schjbdte in- 
dicates, the mouth is formed strictly on the type of the Rhynchota. The 
hooks at the extremity of the protruded haustellum enable it to cling to the 
orifice of one of the pores of the skin, into which the slender tube, with the 
mandibles and maxilUe, is then pushed, and the blood constituting the food 
of the insect is sucked up through it. The author finally explains how the 
erroneous statements of most previous authors have arisen from their mode 
of examining this mechanism, of the nature of which, however, Swammer- 
dam seems to have been well aware. 
Hcematopinus. Simonds- (Journ. Agric. Soc. ser. 2. vol. i.) describes the 
habits of H. equi, its effects upon the health of the horse, and the mode of 
treatment for its removal, 1 . c. pp. 60-62, and gives the same details as to 
H. suis, 1. c. pp. 66-68. He also refers to H. cituli, 1. c. p. 65, and to the 
occurrence of Hesmatopini on the dog and cat, 1 . c. p. 68. 
A list of parasites of this family, apparently observed in Holland, is 
given in the Tijdschr. voor Entom. 1865, p. 39. It includes two species of 
Fediculus and six of Jlcematoqnmcs, part of the latter from exotic mammals, 
Phthirius puhi^ is omitted j docs it not occur in Holland ? 
