CCELENTERATA. 
783 
Setiibal, a village on the coast of Portugal, near the mouth of the River 
Sado. All the other known species of this genus are found in Japan ; so that 
the existence of a European one is most interesting. The result of a micro- 
scopical examination of the polyps reveals, in addition to an outer row of 
twenty tentacles, an inner row of the same number placed alternately with 
them. The author considers the H. sieholdii and II. affine of Brandt to be 
one species, and with Dr. Gray does not admit the second genus of Brandt, 
Hyalocheeta. 
Dr. Gray dissents from the views of Max Schultze, that the fibres of 
Ilyalonema are the spicula of a sponge which are covered with a parasitic 
Zoanthus. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1864, January, p. 111. 
Antiimtlies. L.-Duthiers il. c.) chiefly describes the anatomical pecu- 
liarities of this genus ,* the species examined were Antipathes suhpmnata and 
A. larix. Between this genus and that of Gerardia very great dif- 
ferences exist. In the former the corallum (polypier) is smooth and 
covered with very small scarcely perceptible umbilicate elevations j in the 
latter it is coA'Ored with spines. The tentacles in the one are always twenty- 
four in number, corresponding to just as many outer mesenteric chambers ; 
in the other the tentacles are never more than six in number, and there are 
but two outer mesenteric chambers. So in Gerardia the typical Actinia-iorm 
is very closely adhered to, whereas in Antipathes, by a sort of arrest in deve- 
lopment, it is not even reached. 
Gerardia lamarcki. Duthiers, in his elaborate memoir on this species (/. c.), 
arrives at the following conclusions among others : — The animals producing 
the Gorgonia tnhercidatn, Lamk., Antipathes glaherrima, Esper, for which 
Dr. Gray proposed the genus Leiopathes, are not known. Haime also gave 
the same species the name of Leiopathes lamarcJd. The Antipathes glaherrima, 
Esp. h Lamk., is, however, not an Antipathes, and for it the genus of Gray 
may stand. On the other hand, the Gorgonia tnhcrcnlata, Lamk., represents a 
very distinct type ; it is not an Antipathes, still less a Gorgonia, and for it 
the new genus Gerardia is proposed. xVt first the species referred to is 
parasitic, but it soon becomes independent, though it often encloses portions 
of foreign bodies in its growth. The anatomical details are of great interest. 
The polyps are like those of young Actiniae. A rich vascular network fills all 
the sarcosome, and opens into the body-cavity of the polyp, when they both 
intercommunicate — a fact not hitherto observed among the Zoantharia, 
though known to exist among the Alcyonaria. The sexes are almost always 
borne on distinct Zoanthodemes. By the form of its polyps Gerardia resem- 
bles much more the Actinidce than the Aleyonidce — an agreement before 
observed by Dana in a coral Antipathes. 
Alcyonaiua. 
L.-Duthieus Q. c. p. 840) states that among the Alcyonaria the separation 
of the sexes would appear to be the more usual condition. To determine 
the sexes a microscopical examination is, in the first instance, always neces- 
sary ; but in many cases the ovaries and testes are sufliciently distinct to be 
appreciable by the unassisted vision. Of the numerous genera examined by 
the author, the following are specially alluded to; — Of the Alcyonidie, 
Alcyoniwn and Paralcyonimn ,• of the Gorgonidae, Gorgonia, Muricea, Prim- 
noa, Juncella ; of the PennatulidaD, Pennatida. No trace of an alteration 
