Ins. 123 
HYMENOPTERA. 
BY 
E. C. Eye, F.Z.S., M.E.S. 
The Geneeal Subject. 
Brandt, E. Eecherches anatomiques et morphologiques sur le sys- 
teme nerveux des Insectes hymenopt^res (Hymenoptera). C. R. 
Ixxxiii. pp. 613-616. 
The author has examined the nervous system of the perfect insect in 
78 species of all families and of the majority of genera, and of the larva 
in 22 species. He has also observed the metamorphosis of the ganglional 
chain in 16 species. 
In the adult, there are 2 cephalic (super- and sub-oesophageal), 2 
or 3 thoracic, and from 3 to 7 abdominal ganglions. Vespa^ Odynerus^ 
EumeneSj Ectennius, Thyreopus, and Chrysis have only 2 thoracic ; 
Cerceris, Ammophila, Pompilus. Formica^ Mutilla, Myrmosa^ Cimhex, 
Tenthredo, and Sirex have 3. A fusion of two ganglions is indicated in 
the aftermost one, in the first-mentioned series. In Odynerus, this indi- 
cation is so accentuated that the ganglion becomes double. In each form, 
there is a different number (from 3 to 7) of abdominal ganglions. The 
“ pedunculated bodies ” do not give off the ocellar nerves, and they are 
much more developed in the working bee than in the queen or male, 
as is also the case in wasps and ants. The greatest number of abdominal 
ganglions is found in the Tenthredinidce and Uroceridce, the inferior repre- 
sentatives of the order, in which also they are simple, as in the larvae. 
There is also a sexual difference in the number of these ganglions. All 
Hymenopterous larvae have 13 simple ganglions (as against 12 in Lepido- 
ptera), of which 8 are abdominal. The Pteromalides, however, have no 
ganglional chain, but a simple compact nervous mass, as in Dipterous 
larvae. In the pupa, the number diminishes in different species. Any 
changes in the nervous system are effected by fusion. 
An English translation in Ann. N. H. (4) xviii. pp. 504-506. 
Cresson, E. T. Report upon the Collections of Hymenoptera made in 
portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, 
during' the years 1872, 1873, and 1874, with list of Formicidce by 
Edward Norton. Chapter vii. of Wheeler's Rep. Geogr. Explor. W. 
